tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33894577090393170802024-02-06T18:58:31.340-08:00ExplorationAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-32672964739354388982013-01-08T11:11:00.001-08:002013-01-08T11:11:38.886-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 17<p> </p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">It is theorized the Pumapunku complex as well as its surrounding temples, the Akapana Pyramid, Kalasasaya, Putuni and Kerikala complexes functioned as spiritual and ritual centers for the Tiwanaku. This area might have been viewed as the center of the Andean world, attracting pilgrims from far away to marvel at its beauty. These structures transformed the local landscape; Pumapunku was purposely integrated with Illimani Mountain, a sacred peak that the Tiwanaku people believed to be home to the spirits of their dead. This area was believed to have existed between heaven and Earth.</font><br></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH3rjTo2fuk6C024uHAeIQ-yvyc_1Mg3wUgrQ43Mwjk2GM0YdIg6BLB9fxOKE1kNDmU9X3GSp1PFpC7B3KND93qSQPVPewYPFF8WF07TTLjGyTXdLsPQGaULML3gymvf6pUCz0EuJtAFkL/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc56G7xR61M5BpPpxX0-_-cSjjQYkKLfi5gPnzksCus28iiBKMKoJTCnEq1VbEi66R_hMRveK9WCbXlQnAkXly-w-wDskCdsrJF9aPhhiz8mQS_wsofXLctSTK__uop4VaGCRNPg8H1ioq/?imgmax=800" width="566" height="436"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Illimani Mountain-in-the-Cordillera-Real</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The spiritual significance and the sense of wonder would have been amplified into a "mind-altering and life-changing experience" with hallucinogenic plants. Examinations of hair samples exhibit remnants of psychoactive substances in many mummies found in Tiwanaku culture mummies from Northern Chile, even those of babies as young as 1 year of age, demonstrating the importance of these substances to the Tiwanaku. As was characteristic of civilizations around this time, the Tiwanaku actively incorporated human sacrifice into their culture. The remains of dismembered bodies have been found throughout the area. Ceramic artifacts depict imagery of warriors, masked with puma skulls, decapitating their enemies and holding trophy skulls, adorned with belts of human heads with their tongues torn out.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAtNDrpDV1WdCRJTG8vXNS4XvyI0qioMg27IxiXjpRdeQcmihcBZoOsy5SdHk7TTLD7DDm_Lb3Aat2s9QwghTF7OdsNBBvHNVifKl-U9wlHzsBk4bOO6zrzHutsKVCN6yrxFGQq6L-IIEZ/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-DRpq49cZTf8/UOxvBf-mDYI/AAAAAAAAEzs/iMH_4Hu2QzY/image_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="564" height="371"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Original Tiwanaku -Pumapunku complex.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Middle Horizon Period extended from 600 – 1000 A.D. and once again the only other contemporary civilization of note was the Wari in Peru. The Tiwanaku Empire probably entered its most powerful phase in the 8th century AD. Many smaller towns or colonies were set up in the vast region under Tiwanaku rule. The most imposing monument at Tiwanaku was the temple of Akapana. It was a pyramid originally with seven superimposed platforms with stone retaining walls rising to a height of over 18 meters. Only the lowest of these and part of one of the intermediate walls survive intact. Investigations have shown that it was originally clad in blue stone and surmounted by a temple, as was customary in Mesoamerican pyramids.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-dDewUOVcRyo/UOxvDq1bBCI/AAAAAAAAEz0/meZFDGV5ay8/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Kfr-OhlPjIU/UOxvE4Nq7pI/AAAAAAAAEz8/2866lnis5QE/image_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="372" height="670"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku at its greatest territorial extent ca. 950 A D.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Sometimes called the Expansive Period, 700-1200 AD., it was a period of decline, with less elaborate pottery and fewer construction projects. The political dominance of Tiwanaku began to decline in the 11th century A.D., and the empire collapsed in the first half of the 12th century A.D. The reasons for this collapse are not yet understood. Scholars now reject invasion and conquest and attribute it to climatic change, giving rise to poor harvests and a progressive weakening of the central power to the point when it yielded to the pressures for autonomy from its components. Whatever took place the change had to be gradual there was no sudden ending, as many writers would like us to believe. People adapt and do whatever is necessary to keep on living. An example is the Maya, whose culture did not disappear suddenly -they just moved to another location where they could live as before. <br>More than likely one of the main reasons for the people abandoning the Tiwanaku area was the decrease in the water level of Lake Titicaca, which supplied water to their crops the suka kollas. These artificially raised planting mounds, which were separated by shallow canals, were filled with water that now was beginning to dry up. The canals could no longer supply moisture for growing crops, and the solar radiation they received from the sun during the day destroyed the plants. This happened gradually as the level of the lake slowly went down. Some estimate by as much as 50 meters by the end, and as one goes further east; the Altiplano becomes an area of very dry arid land. Therefore, abandonment by the vast majority was the only option.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-qU9kaWmNIQw/UOxvMEY1oOI/AAAAAAAAE0E/IEVig54rx4o/s1600-h/image%25255B19%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-GIgGMJZLg4I/UOxvQgQafsI/AAAAAAAAE0M/oSNkC5BsC9g/image_thumb%25255B11%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="573" height="518"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Aerial View Tiwanaku Main Site (excluding Pumapunku)</font> </p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">After 1,000 AD, the empire collapsed and complete de-urbanization occurred by 1250 A.D. Localized raised field cultivation continued, but large-scale systems were not restored.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizW7EJyM41rlBZZ52KeszzuJtwpERak4urtkGPETY-ihSdw2eEhFbXExW-kQAdYVJSSPBYELhoRqGYce8HOQ4f8GP2hSlCMf20XyUxJXB2ugjDa9HyR2_kWyJc-4XGjV1xHn3TebS_ZYrE/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyEDNNwG0oW-XncDJDE7aT6mHAR-YWHPWYdNYHGeOb_g-g5p4q2iRzKi23aGoXUPjInks1DvgSQhjBDC447vEJOv1FlzxC28XHsqm5PYvk8WtcNK61CXk0RcNSboEneBxGaz0rMjp_jMOP/?imgmax=800" width="568" height="586"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Complete Map of Tiwanaku Area</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">After the decline of Tiwanaku other Aymara societies emerged, politically organized, the most important kingdoms being the Lupaqa and Qulla. However, Tiwanaku was still used as a major religious place of pilgrimage, but no longer had a population that lived there or maintained it. This continued into Inca times and beyond.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><font color="#f3a447" size="4" face="Georgia">Epilogue:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Once satisfied that the humans were able to live and survive successfully. According the story, the Ancient Astronauts decided to “leave the land and go to the Pacific seacoast where they walked across the water until they disappeared.” Since Bolivia is a land locked country, they headed due west through Peru to the seacoast more than likely in a spacecraft.</font></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0DmayU9geUweLFLqVNUqf4dFeTBeNaPT_fI6A3Otqom0baCdoXEMXYWiCWzb3vs7jBqUj27yTGm4jKU_D3YlpaXOLMbtAJx-hD62VXqjlLdEil4Rvanb2QM_F1CeQHmskBrYCKGGmFZ8N/s1600-h/image%25255B27%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-J0DJxoNKbyQ/UOxvZ_MNehI/AAAAAAAAE0s/KzLlVGBT0nM/image_thumb%25255B15%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="504" height="384"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku / Peru pacific seacoast</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The word "Viracocha" literally means "Sea Foam." Therefore, this seems to be the end of the Ancient Astronaut intervention. However, this is not the end of the story of the people who had been the Tiwanaku who had to go on living with or without their help. The Ancient Astronauts probably left the area at the time the when Akapana Pyramid was being built. They may still have a space base hidden somewhere in the Andes Mountains today.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><font color="#000000" size="4"><strong>The End</strong></font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-17052953528226321732013-01-06T20:13:00.001-08:002013-01-06T20:13:35.509-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 16<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Ancestor worship and kinship were integral parts of Aymara culture, and the huge chullpas or "chupa" at Sillustani were built for the house of the Aymara elite of the immediate pre-Inca and Inca period. The name for was first used in the 19th century by Ludovico Bertonio. Bertonio referred to the basket burials of the semi-nomadic pastoralists as "chullpas" and actually referred to the stone towers as "uta Aymara" "houses of the soul". However, the term "chullpa" is still used today for the towers.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-SW_coB_koSc/UOpKL7gFFgI/AAAAAAAAEvc/ozh1fayAie0/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-6_qVdrdsh0w/UOpKQmxAK4I/AAAAAAAAEvk/ITCdW6RNjxY/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="460" height="609"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Close-up of a Chullpa</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Many of the chullpas at Sillustani show pre-Inca characteristics that were later redressed with Inca stone blocks. Similar chullpas are found throughout the entire south Central Andes with the above ground burial styles going back at least to mature Tiwanaku (ca. AD 500-950).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGZVhWpS6-qS4pMfjxy3-uC0QomIuEZYxgLDbOj0vmGjAitVhAwB0tB-UoxduFjsJwgw9QY0JAUePzcEEhwwgOP9iRvCrBA8BFIOxQX5CikvjmznTuatc51t8P5hZHwWCTDP93OOoDoyk/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6RNyYXWeSxgi22WrKDMue6CiUNXvScNBqInIEC0uxtxzW5Knb1czE1zr4ifX8Zr9PUdGGhRxTlxhYajF1-VBzhbBR_kI_pwOe0KXb3jksOvh91t5VPuaR7QN4tx8jaLK2orOKH6_qiXQ/?imgmax=800" width="459" height="618"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tomb at Tiwanaku</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The insides of the tombs were built to hold entire groups of people, most likely extended families of the Aymara elite. Corpses were not intentionally mummified, but in the dry environment created by the closed tomb, they survived for centuries. Most mummy bundles indicate burial in a fetal position. Some of the tombs also have various animal shapes carved into the stone. The only openings to the buildings face east, where it was believed the Sun was reborn by Mother Earth each day.</font></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOYucQ-IaDQNMwJGp9IrvhJWG-4l1Uq87AZF_PjxU2LBgOb5_eJiRcvwdSaqy_HwAfL3xqMZ0N3lGh4EdvkpYOQWWiNXNe1zIpR4ehA7TFoKugQKMC_80trsmrIeZZoIEJ4cmbmCM82ed_/s1600-h/image%25255B15%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9EncIMY2ifjbh2npOeCKTskUoC44aMk9TxO0yzAmxhbhhMzvOJdMT9cp2zfqGKUWzdy8FQIopkXLL5-xdOMkgS_GkTqHFrv7FTNEzj16VFwQCv3KIK-ukSRGiXwv9w9nBGNGVttsQMa5y/?imgmax=800" width="548" height="404"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Stone Pillars atop the Akapana Pyramid</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">At Tiwanaku, we seem to have an interesting situation where the city's previous infrastructure was razed and completely redone just before the civilization-entered decline. It seems that around 700 A.D., after Tiwanaku had become a monumental and powerful city, there was a sudden change to direct all construction efforts toward building what was the largest structure in the Andes. The previous monuments of the city were torn down and their stones reused to build the Akapana Pyramid. The effort was too great, and the pyramid lay unfinished when the civilization ended.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCntvXEkpBjESqmKcv15clVn-cclp9VRedXmmdzGwRbDLJuDsKcFhYuKlkLrLG5BB6-4RwpbTHskRT2Nv9cq2IcnZiKNfVUIoNhAqFA4zW62WdO-5Rn4oTQ4NIuWo6I_kxi7jSvI4S61Ik/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtTwkOxjVPcNaLN75BBBs0QmecwyYbQ6MWRJ67l1078rX8O4XkkpXTBtynRhbDSlfdUB4OplUPYRtqWzAv4YMNMpP1t_Ra3-LWurs-BSirnzrJ1yzRUIb2Fu1DXzuIhQMNXUNLDJ_NXVaw/?imgmax=800" width="494" height="603"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Steps of the Akapana Pyramid and a moat</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The 59-foot-tall Akapana Pyramid resembles a large natural hill more than a pyramid. Closer inspection shows walls and columns sticking out from the base, carved stones on its summit, and tumbling down the sides. The somewhat amorphous shape of this tremendous pyramid is the result of centuries of looting and quarrying of its stones for colonial churches and even for a railway built in the 1900s.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-aqNCQLTxfBA/UOpKuohQUeI/AAAAAAAAEwc/QqUOcVLRcQc/s1600-h/image%25255B25%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzXy2F2bydLS5pRHTe2NKYmlK50Jc2Io2ouevImhPFpN79Wpr6DNtS0shBdiKMkeupRaWJq5BKII_0Y-h8f-d0OnaK9nCJSrinuHcc5g7iIbxYif-3LvzNpbGKq_7Knfo6d-QdIQMyRy5/?imgmax=800" width="554" height="436"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Akapana Pyramid was made with stone blocks</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Akapana is an approximately cross-shaped pyramidal structure that is 257 m wide, 197 m broad at its maximum, and 16.5 m tall. At its center, there is what appears to have been a sunken court that has been destroyed by a deep looters excavation that extends from the center of this structure to its eastern side. Material from the looters excavation was dumped off the eastern side of the Akapana. A staircase with sculptures is present on its western side. Possible residential complexes might have occupied both the northeast and southeast corners of this structure. Originally, the Akapana was thought to have been made from a modified hill. However, recent studies have shown that it is a manmade earthen mound. That is faced with a mixture of large and small stone blocks. However, the Akapana Pyramid seems to have been surrounded by a moat.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-r_zFGrFXcJA/UOpK4FmECZI/AAAAAAAAEws/tQmZH2PfHbU/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtFz-yWyr2E9kHtUwx-PfHW-04h-lTo2Lj1YI3PHsI6cOwZLj8E9Hc7Pk7_oJxKRmRquRACeoGueTIMKpsNEDmFfy8tYripBXPPLL4hCQO5rJz6fkCZbTXI34UzuOTBkVD4GMSYouqtSHY/?imgmax=800" width="496" height="722"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Akapana Pyramid hydraulic water system</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The largest stone block within the Akapana, which consists of Andesite, is estimated to weigh 65.70 metric tons. The structure was possibly for the shaman-puma relationship or transformation. Tenon puma and human heads stud the upper terraces. The remains of human sacrifices were found under and around the Akapana Pyramid. Just what did the Ancient Astronauts think of human sacrifice? They probably did not oppose it, because anything that promoted the gods of Tiwanaku promoted them. Besides the number sacrificed in comparison to the total population was small and thus of no consequence as far as they were concerned.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir0m65b_hsVn82rC3t1Ioko8PXkYTTO68-_BipUch6vyduPr82WJNOzoP4EAOIRb9NkotRNdquhOYvfn4hv0c4DGX1-a43ZlXC81EgBDjQOjgGrz1KKlgtEqtRe60uDcXqtadmcNIeAz_6/s1600-h/image%25255B40%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_FXQZJmBpEiwHRc5_sxyrnjVDr-cLxrdPE1Q56jndCINqFRTuGR6S-A9rKqisS47ia0adewv-iCNODGhVYONdELKEQZWpdHA5cprSbHr-Auo3WzTV3_lNHE5GevpQtkyr6FFJxh2l5avC/?imgmax=800" width="518" height="224"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">“I” Shaped clamps or hammered Ingots</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The drainage systems of the Akapana Pyramid and Pumapunku include conduits composed of red sandstone blocks held together by ternary (copper/arsenic/nickel) bronze architectural clamps. Cold hammering of ingots created the I-shaped architectural clamps of the Akapana.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhHHCB8sWyE-n85MSsdAUPEd0AhZ9hS1UbJFbyTjWOptVCYd8lzmC-KQzbU5zOEykHTnnQrztKhRoIrmo1eyU3fTKcrsYdLAFHeOlMq4s-4rMavqxbZkqWWZYoa8SUMcA06V2TrFyu8urf/s1600-h/image%25255B46%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-MBIdeMWJAcg/UOpLKZTenqI/AAAAAAAAExU/OyioTRdjKyo/image_thumb%25255B28%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="566" height="425"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Wall with Tenon puma and human heads on Akapana Pyramid</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Tenon puma and human heads stud the upper terraces of the Akapana Pyramid. The east side of the Akapana Pyramid was built on the eastern side of early Tiwanaku, that later became a boundary for the ceremonial center and the urban area. It was made of a thick prepared floor of sand and clay and supported a group of buildings. Yellow and red clay were used in different areas for what seems like aesthetic purposes indicating its importance to their culture.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6R6fP9vWXZdpWAj3oDLdOK28VIOIOqPyJ93047jqBxuMyDL4JtdjYhibfrYzEHcvHC6LEuA1jNy0PwUSK18Knw1j_Fgg47Z_KPSCPS9SxtcvRx8Wiw8jWylfGi47ap1oVL1J3dGWEfzDl/s1600-h/image%25255B51%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-zUNneKDN-Vk/UOpLbdSYWdI/AAAAAAAAExk/F9GlCA7E41A/image_thumb%25255B31%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="568" height="548"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Aerial View - Akapana Pyramid</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-66025916094351665902013-01-05T18:47:00.001-08:002013-01-05T18:52:16.491-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 15<p> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF6MsW4ajVu43QtntpVWwu7ahXEeH6AObrZSEJMGjYixj8ZBmhlwndy0AWYjFtB-0EbUUea0fQ9kFu_24g_-tpkwTFiCA4Lm4e9ts-SZDXEkHvXCjLnDxpt66cTDXHr9sU4xxn8AuxIcWy/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiApM54jeao19lBJGLWOinpCF1NRGtBIqp1W4WDPQBZR3iEwxdUPDZQyb854h-FVuoIwUSgTUxUFhPe0a4q9PXovweU5-wZkJQ_0VoKfc6kAVdzQnFyOG-V94W4h6lDNIJKyeyWMVLhM8gt/?imgmax=800" width="424" height="589"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunku stone with precision cut slot and holes</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Early Intermediate Period 200 A.D. – 600 A.D. ends and that means the Moche, and Nazca, civilizations are on the decline. The Middle Horizon Period starts in 600 A.D. and the only civilization of consequence that remains is the Wari civilization in the foothills of Peru. However, the civilization of Tiwanaku was still growing and spreading.<br>There is much controversy by ancient astronaut theorists about the technology used at Pumapunku and Tiwanaku. Because they believe certain practices and methods used by these people in stone construction does not fit the time. They claim an outside technology was used to transport the monoliths and move them from location to location. This is possible and based on a theory this could have indeed happened. Here are some examples: No one knows how 160-ton rocks were transplanted to the megalithic site. Without modern technology, how did they do it? Such large rock platforms could have been used as launching pads for spacecraft into outer space. At the top center of the Temple of the sun god is a being carved in the center who may be an astronaut. Many large stone figures may depict warriors or guardians. They may even be depicted as ET guards or warriors.</font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAPpLIxJA7tKzRyORXTOCmny6xilxwYARGEc74Ee0kghKCIAbNbtx6QND0kTsvEvB45IDTnbMprmdZpn6ceD6rvBWkYd5ONr9REe6jUa8QjdtsNuHlxO3Sqi4HOUaqozYXpXxyyWlYXzk7/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUtSijpTiY40f7_Lih4ifU0PwCn-5cOoovAZXP0HZT559SQVVKEoz1721mPqIT6pXTfx9WduZuq6Jzi6R57rEOJ1AHrFeIqStEgG3kVTocipS5Mm4-ZrlXPOTUxQR1U9FRtBjXO1XDcqfa/?imgmax=800" width="452" height="639"></a><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">A Tiwanaku stone guard</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#d3a938">The area within the kilometer separating the Pumapunku and Tiwanaku has been surveyed using ground-penetrating radar, magnetometry, induced electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility. The geophysical data collected from these surveys and excavations have revealed in the area between the Pumapunku and Tiwanaku the presence of numerous man-made structures still buried.<br></font></p></font> <p align="justify"><font color="#b64fbb" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-rz33tPMzGUo/UOjlafspEmI/AAAAAAAAEtE/-eGB_bVX7fE/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-fe8AQGcvpGI/UOjle2PqX-I/AAAAAAAAEtM/aveh0otANnk/image_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="568" height="428"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunku Construction Blocks</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">It is theorized by some that these blocks were put into molds similar to the way concrete is done today, except these were done in a seamless manner. This could be evidence of futuristic technology. The people that came after the people of Tiwanaku destroyed ninety per-cent of Tiwanaku and Pumapunku; they were the Inca, the Spanish Colonialists, and the government of Bolivia. They tore down the structures of Tiwanaku to use them in building their own structures. We know of two instances where they used the stones from Tiwanaku and Pumapunku to build a church and a railroad bridge. That is why it looks as if the people of Tiwanaku never finished their construction projects. What you see is the result of de-construction of the monuments left behind by the Tiwanaku by the people who came after them. Besides the leaders of Tiwanaku were frequently having older structures torn down to build new ones.</font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOKgFppYtwBNhQnnf6phQ-Qu1L8emxSDNMnc5pAoyfxu9Ou-K6J4XCwkAGXiJkdENEZIMuizmmYry3b5iAKUiaJ_Vm9d0v1q-IPsBi_Ygt4O8BvPWCC9zC6grPlPpp1Z8iqXv6Zci304Dh/s1600-h/image%25255B19%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEdGiA5dLGRIZFQ4pRBFPTZn1Sbld-3PvoPWn8RF8nMDPjBx45DuMlw6Bh4OgrKhAZRkWKSlNpYFj5Tqq9CLJifXzPbODRoxyC-Fe5WK0dcnM8W2cbFM6Q-FHYvzkiHimdTXC_SX0VrEBd/?imgmax=800" width="450" height="595"></a><br></p> <p><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">How the construction blocks could have been used in building structures at Pumapunku</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3">The story says that after the Great Flood and the creation, Viracocha sent his sons (officers) went to visit the tribes to the Northeast and Northwest of Tiwanaku to determine if they still obeyed his commandments. They were sent as priests to instruct the people and they themselves possessed some incredible technology or power. Viracocha himself is said to have traveled north of Tiwanaku which is implied by the Inca. They also taught the tribes which plants were edible, which had medicinal properties, and which were poisonous. Eventually, Viracocha, and his officers reached the village of Cuzco.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8bnpGa5GBb5mMV-DiwUkbqn2LegR4NfySr3_XU7Q2O7HaIX-BjW4xaUu7RxHmdNiKKsRWQl1fNvPcZO11rRNiTOiy3H7QOBPzBY2ZF1fbtX2Dg4fZlfr_gsbB7LVxd14K7BrupFu235yY/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNxSsNp8yiHLfHa3YX5E6fJ2-_G3VsP5Db6NBNZAQNQV6B5oVGFBN2J4kYEyWu6AfeyEo8XOGvYhrKWAPf3fkRV-UE5rteKrz6xySMwaTUyJTtr3clE-RHWJhb3P33bjTR3kd6q6c7Zf3u/?imgmax=800" width="564" height="413"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">An Early Inca Village</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-27706876826029491862013-01-03T20:47:00.001-08:002013-01-03T20:59:25.956-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 14<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Tiwanaku believed Viracocha created people out of rock. One story has it that Viracocha created giants to move the massive stones that comprise much of Tiwanaku’s heaviest construction projects. Then Viracocha grew unhappy with the giants and caused a flood to destroy them. People of this time were for the most part simple minded and uneducated and could be swayed easily by propaganda and superstition generated by their leaders and priests. These giants would have to have been extremely tall to cross Lake Titicaca from the Copacabana Peninsula to Tiwanaku to deliver the stones. Therefore they would have had to been able to fly as well. Here we go from one extreme to another-the story does not make any sense.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEGs4-Fr6NtVxXa5oEU9w1D0N0r6jhkTEDtbNIDyVWQQcxIC3IPGegUH1zPT2LpoB7U4oEWluukUg-wrj1A6XFUGeKBwuQuS2Z_6qb0hE7Nt3mN-xeFCh30IFX3nQM_beovtUzjfDNBqWR/s1600-h/image%25255B2%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YJh0KVk0cBY/UOZdU8Su93I/AAAAAAAAEng/ftzNX9aB6qM/image_thumb.png?imgmax=800" width="504" height="451"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Giant</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">As the story goes, Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca during the time of darkness to bring forth light. He made the sun, moon, and the stars. Since he was an Ancient Astronaut he had to take on the persona of a god, he had to be presented with these awesome powers. He made humankind by breathing into stones, but his first creation were brainless giants that displeased him according to the story. Why did he make giants and why brainless? It could have been a failed genetic experiment. Therefore, they destroyed them. Apparently, the Ancient Astronauts had decided to make more clones for the local population. Size and strength may have been necessary for the work but they lacked the intelligence needed carry out the task. Therefore, those were destroyed and strength was swapped for brainpower. No one knows how 160-ton rocks were transplanted to the megalithic site. Without modern technology, how did they do it? I do not believe reed boats would have transported 160-ton stones over the lake. Either you would have one very large boat of gargantuan size or you would have a large fleet of hundreds of small boats to do it. The task of moving a 160-ton stone across land seems even harder to do unless it was broken up into many pieces and then moved with what was available. The two new clones became Tiwanaku priests and through futuristic technology directed the building projects using spacecraft to carry the stones:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hDVFAHOefpE/UOZdZZ4URBI/AAAAAAAAEno/_yUMBgipv2o/s1600-h/image%25255B7%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYGdt9FHNHk2efjq3rnzDvTkcIRU0EvPgxpSP8ZkmX_Omm1J_EQylo-AXWClMHW78X9SRlg9eve4pHR9kFNARm4oJVS2Vmi4PAaHgtn7pC3sjuLNlLJgMc4wXmHD4b6ugiiS39D1N-RYgB/?imgmax=800" width="546" height="434"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Spacecraft transporting construction stones</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The stones were moved by the command of two priests according to one theory. To the</font> <font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">people they appeared to have the ability to defy the laws of gravity. Magnetism of some sort (a tractor beam) was used in moving these huge megalithic stones. The only explanation for this is they had contact with ET or were Ancient Astronauts themselves.<br>Pumapunku is located .63 miles northwest of Tiwanaku proper. Pumapunku also called "Puma Pumku" or "Puma Puncu"; it is part of a large temple complex or monument group that is located not for from the main site at Tiwanaku. In Aymara, its name means, "The Door of the Cougar". The Pumapunku complex consists of an un-walled western court, a central un-walled esplanade, a terraced platform mound that is faced with megalithic stone, and a walled eastern court.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj0pBb4ljbIcQ9nrsjYLXgsDDZShj6aT-8yX_cf63JMwPsQ2z9udxaOiPvOmBA3sssHKiHvOyEb-HYO8WRFy6kyUFqXRhoBi5_9AjHzmtx7jP08smzZJCKERzBU574Baw7hrwCr10iyUmC/s1600-h/image%25255B12%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI924GBwtndiwghPVz8-Y_hjjGOVeogBL3L2o43KpXQZsUbiIdwErIdBBHPZ6VnHtW-2Yr8txsRS4vctoGI49uPwoaxgHxy1f8IhkdB9kDa9xmKSteljWRmpCAatMhBIcFHw7XzDCAVmbI/?imgmax=800" width="558" height="446"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Andesite rock quarry</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">In about 530 A. D. construction of Pumapunku began. Originally, it consisted of series of platforms with a temple in the middle of the city. Water would have surrounded some of the platforms where cut stone would be brought in from Lake Titicaca after being excavated on the Copacabana peninsula. These would be Andesite un-worked stone blocks.</font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyqka65fHC7PrmxzWyKjTvOIFIHkFsUWXwTd9ua2VrQpJKFsPjgN0TFxS_BggELRmHmuXKpuDGcipb3h32Ol3py3USh36I7-Od2dr_KtZHqbvSsAWwxG_BlGCp8hj1Ku4ns0A-1xr_IC51/s1600-h/image%25255B17%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-mJUWQbavPYY/UOZdo1Bu09I/AAAAAAAAEoQ/IoOvtJnPtHI/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="538" height="423"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Stone Route to Tiwanaku</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Small tonnage rough-cut stone could have been transported by boat (or raft if large timber were available) to Pumapunku put on a platform where the local artisans would carve the rock. From there it could be put back on a boat or raft and moved by canal to the unloading or building location. The canals could be dug extending from Lake Titicaca inland. Llamas could be tethered to the boats or rafts to bring them farther up the canal from a path on either side of the canal. If llamas were unable to do it then human slaves were used to do it.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-X_eWBB14V8bs8FMIEwaSOkL5Op7JtuFM50ex9LLC8B1MTsP5O16yZvXG85-4KQYSde-yyDTBPd0I-1OctiITmYCTHgpa6FaxikB0-7SxeAQPfKIn5wESWdJcWBjhLUUvZABgMh6EPjt/s1600-h/image%25255B22%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-fua0tSAP7AY/UOZdr0nD2SI/AAAAAAAAEog/bX95TI_quHc/image_thumb%25255B12%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="558" height="434"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku and local vicinity map</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Lake would have been much higher at this time than today and it would have been easy to transport the rock to the designated site by canal. Looking at the map above you can see what the area looks like today it would be ideal for canals to be made to bring in the cut stone blocks. There is plenty of swamp and small lakes in the area today and at least two rivers or streams in the area. However, not all these stones were transported in this manner as already stated. They needed outside help to transport stones over 40 tons. Based on the Ancient Astronaut premise.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-T1AXQ4yTOdk/UOZdtB_HYiI/AAAAAAAAEoo/fmQil3K_hrk/s1600-h/image%25255B27%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge6c6CGhYzhd09TW-euNBBRQoQYutE1gPwwz5sYqJKU2ssKjQsT7gc4NiV1KjfEzUbXHwkna_DGC446cH0ztI4Di1fzI_x5g5OdCpTyIOGLNM4bjVoIZUspuUTTWa3qAdNPIy0f77zuevb/?imgmax=800" width="572" height="200"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunku platform area</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Pumapunku is a terraced earthen mound that is faced with megalithic blocks.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-2JNYuQfhBfQ/UOZd3djfpwI/AAAAAAAAEo4/z1W5w5AX80g/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-H4RamAD6amI/UOZd50CkpcI/AAAAAAAAEpA/OjS-36SI7RE/image_thumb%25255B16%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="504" height="334"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunka Megalithic Blocks</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Pumapunku is 167 m wide along its north-south axis and 117 m long along its east-west axis.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-fANNsMcXijI/UOZd8t-AcHI/AAAAAAAAEpI/kAguU0E5dhQ/s1600-h/image%25255B35%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYfrc-U9IUsAFbmuGR97tW98cnsi0CSF7d95YJEhwjbqsGCwdNUbCM7BATPlUtWvTAx15_kPnkKO8P08_0wOWqKQyohTwKc4e-CYcECfuKc5Qg5ezGyc2-qdRo_A1WsUpQf247m0RgeNjU/?imgmax=800" width="551" height="442"></a></p> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunku Temple Terraces being excavated</font></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7FT2VIZ3XgIEcWMeE0yO2_zeyM8ZgQEZRKt89w2wtHDMSWvqH8YVvSYC_Laqtd1YK2SlMynoPzIxWOHIdQapPBwg9BgXhPJSH5XVwIhPSjacWoCvUGiMVcGvgoC4UbYm6D_EYODjH7hd5/s1600-h/image%25255B40%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF-3taJBFjVpu-QM8bcujHQEQl5JH3R9zUTpv8mX_NHZbCmqGE9DPYk6XPKxXyGejOBfCbevcRi4xSZ60-b909F_GMOHpW0KjczxjZmBkTyCgHReW3oqTPPtf0oyMakOKuwIQeYHivPTIK/?imgmax=800" width="550" height="456"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunka platforms</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">On the northeast and southeast corners of the Pumapunku are 20-meter wide projections that extend 27 meters north and south from the rectangular mound. The eastern edge of the Pumapunku is occupied by what is called the "Plataforma Lítica."</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnHjHlxSRrJT_DMLETMI9RBEyvNLIYqDdw1TmXV9Wtaw7QB2e0c7Ulrcdf1XSxWz5OkV0P347ODJADTht26Q5wM2KyBarn95kxRcYJU8jX1_AXcUhHB8T66PoZRQAn4q82jZORWymt77o/s1600-h/image%25255B45%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihrVqAY0_5j4hH-qDcCyLCrj5ekXbj2WjtiZ8yhSoG0pLaU35o7LS36IbhRrT1v73pEIcKw3rWmu7lwMBiXxJcNe13g3R4UliTIhkpIa3k1PdGOB4bIUXSGe6mnSg1WLo73sA2pEFaDjnm/?imgmax=800" width="558" height="450"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunku Temple Reconstruction</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Plataforma Lítica consists of a stone terrace that is 7 by 39 meters in dimension. This terrace is paved with multiple enormous stone blocks. The Plataforma Lítica contains the largest stone slab found in both the Pumapunku and Tiwanaku Site. This stone slab is 8 meters long, 5 meters wide and averages 1 meter thick. Based upon the specific gravity of the red sandstone from which it was carved, this stone slab has been estimated to weigh 131 metric tons. Not something, that could easily be brought up a canal by a boat.</font></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJx83sUpQ2E4Sjt4nhXFzwOHVf8DXnPWigK1iDlilo7jGW-hA3vCESzgNVytP9FOboQ2JnK6kYsr-xKTcoJUWDfb8PClW9bPTFqWbknpeP6clS7oi29D8H-_JC5JTX4BAVnX68jJbUAvFS/s1600-h/image%25255B51%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl_1pH3A4Yofes4AFJIMrJgBo6NfpmyJAeqYu4wfOpNkRu79IlAYv7JT5rAxtSesAokE4wNLBba0aMH7Q5DQDTyxrPFCh5G3UZwu25Q8xjVS0qE5ECuZHOzF_IwIZlVKaNiLGWBHZxbcyT/?imgmax=800" width="566" height="469"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">An Overlooking view of Pumapunku's structures</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Excavations at the Pumapunku have documented “three major building epochs, in addition to small repairs and remodeling.</font></p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-GOBpwp931co/UOZem_HMNwI/AAAAAAAAEqI/kPbslvDbgLk/s1600-h/image%25255B56%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-4eIC8Rc9_MU/UOZeqIl3w4I/AAAAAAAAEqQ/UpmVkgrCKR4/image_thumb%25255B32%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="558" height="452"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pumapunku tiled room floor</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">At its peak, Pumapunku is thought to have been "unimaginably wondrous", adorned with polished metal plaques, brightly colored ceramic and fabric ornamentation, trafficked by costumed citizens, elaborately dressed priests and elites decked in exotic jewelry. Current understanding of this complex is limited due to its age, and the lack of a written record, which has not been deciphered or discovered yet.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMf_JBGgNgJHxd_TAT9kIsMJk5F5Jks8dlU5xLYMuouKQ7bZxtjHHy9Uy2Leos0J1jIIvD1BasfV25iRFYYSDj6dtOtcK9vKCr9_0loMzp2P2enlMy_cXNLBc-BSMVEZTR1STqOqRBmRhx/s1600-h/image%25255B61%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-aK-VDEwV9JM/UOZew76CIMI/AAAAAAAAEqg/wpIBhogZ5SY/image_thumb%25255B35%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="571" height="595"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pilgrims at the Temple of Pumapunku</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Determining the age of the Pumapunku complex has been a focus of researchers since the discovery of the Tiwanaku site. As noted by Andean specialist, Anthropology Professor W. H. Isbell, a radiocarbon date was obtained by Vranich from lowermost and oldest layer of mound fill forming Pumapunku. This layer was deposited during the first of three construction epochs. It dates the initial construction of Pumapunku at 536–600 A. D.</font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZk05oheBgdERq2weUNvjunk6pAM08PRbwGwYrWKO_lUIBW3dEblXbgvYnpT1tyIdLPA7HI4NHxzqTZKlWpREGRQzJcBHnD5JRN1A5E8vXtIO5qRNq0LD9Xa5LK3b-48Mhh48AxXhU_cOD/s1600-h/image%25255B66%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-QdEDv-KuRWg/UOZe6x10i5I/AAAAAAAAEqw/6QT0mQrWJ-I/image_thumb%25255B38%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="579" height="586"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Aerial View of Pumapunku</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-66941076566127120762013-01-01T21:01:00.001-08:002013-01-01T21:05:15.327-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 13<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">From 400 A.D., onward Tiwanaku went from a locally dominant force to a powerful state and began to spread through conquest and assimilation. When a civilization such as Tiwanaku begins heavy architectural construction projects one begins to suspect that this civilization has reached the predatory stage. This is when a civilization like Tiwanaku conquers surrounding territory and captures large numbers of people and enslaves them in order to carry out dangerous architectural construction projects. Some of those captured would be used as human sacrifices too. The situation would be similar with territory that was assimilated, and became associated with them by furnishing slaves and human sacrifices by those leaders to maintain their own rule and independence. This was a common practice in Mesoamerica. When one thinks of these large dangerous construction projects carried out in ancient history-the weight of and the amount of stones moved-there must have been an incalculable loss of human life. This means these slave populations had to be quite large, when the only form of technology was slave technology. Therefore, this has led many people to wonder if some of these monumental architectural projects had outside help. That is, futuristic technology, which could only have been provided by Ancient Astronauts.<br>Tiwanaku enclaves have been discovered in recent times as far south as the Lake Poopo a salt lake in southern Bolivia. Lake Titicaca empties into this lake by way of the Desaguadero River. The South Poopo inhabitants developed a unique style of ceramics with triangular spirals.</font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1NF5_K1W5SC8PnflbK9capbODM8iMRW_MeLbXf83nY0Lp6yfytZT6tty2mcHL86KPIV9xBvggTkgEFUdNFTGKsuf_qwBR8XaDeCKsENnjaXAXi_CJ1g3HJNliN8064nmQiQbRMfjvv7y/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaNwYdHG8TjhGCHMy9m3bcJyvX6toZaAc1MiXlmdAINgxynqZX6kg2aM2cQYpTRqQh-62DDYsW3eoAMSviszhvNdR1KqljoF8j0YvJgZEIn_pHjdIJGQT9qNxIkAtdXTRpqXkuKFfVrrvn/?imgmax=800" width="539" height="575"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku - Lake Poopo and the Desaguadero River</font></p> <p><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">West of Kalasasaya Temple is a large rectangular area known as Putuni or Palacio de los Sarcofagos, which is still being excavated.</font> </p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-De-mB97Yong/UOO-H72uDkI/AAAAAAAAEkE/tDiUNavDeq8/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhITwjCPK_JE7olO5II-l8NOjALHSturjruF0RldJkBK6eG8mEB7lV7GVhESlDvnm1pJbZvMoCbONUACx47WuN7jj9CXDdA00CHg31EpHWppQB8B8Sl7_i2jqrQSEFu743LVzQslHLsN8ft/?imgmax=800" width="568" height="448"></a><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Putuni Complex- The Palace of Sarcophagi</font></p> <p><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">At the eastern end of the site is a heap of rubble known as Kantatayita.</font></p> <p><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-anWQkU5VPQE/UOO-NcNqptI/AAAAAAAAEkU/5o68eiHOc3A/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie0nwPF4ilGvLxkG5G_uAG0hHfVyhJ3-GUqGwFwZo3ZXQ205l-ktkhQHufbd6W11MMM93o3vifXCx_-K8qX89v4RUftgnJmVbxH0FAtbq-9iZfpx_QoNyOtUJ-uS9f4Gcf3t2Q8YYUlGLk/?imgmax=800" width="506" height="406"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Geometric designs found at the Kantatayita Mound</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#d3a938">Archaeologists have not yet been able to piece together what sort of structure was made from the pieces, but they are intriguingly carved with geometrical designs. . According to one archeologist, her excavations east of the Kalasasaya Complex show that previous ritual areas and houses of important people must have been razed to build the Putuni Complex.</font></font></p> <p><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#d3a938"></font></font> </p> <p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOpgLqouR4DjGYoN2eWBj1hRQ6VTqtfZupBhW4n_LjGqwK6h4y4A_mm5Aj_uRe0WvwngmVb0KfzPsYB6MGoqDk0z4LcmytGcEyrK8Nq-9EKAnFH4Jvfd1R_8MtXkPr2o5g-xHjDdVXR59Q/s1600-h/image%25255B19%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcOY4IIh1rQzNAzoGdR4Zo7dQ04xEt-AQz7IrRoZ1bBpCk7BUntD3IIGOhaVSF70F-0UTILB2V4Hdu2t2unsCykG9MJbeWuS2uloD_HfTOHWJENvNUG2ZTrCNfVYnNsaesoLJeEnTw4FlK/?imgmax=800" width="567" height="379"></a></p><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><font color="#d3a938"> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2" face="Arial">Tiwanaku with the Putuni complex in the foreground</font></p> <p align="justify">So far, the analysis of the geo-radar information has surpassed investigator’s expectations. They had expected that the clay fill eroding from the Akapana Pyramid would make the entire area opaque to the radar, but instead the radar image reveals several interesting anomalies. A large diagonal line marks the modern tourist path, but to the south of that, were noted two structures, one superimposed on the other; the first structure in the highlighted square is a round or D-shaped form, and the second structure is a single rectilinear feature located a bit deeper. A trench will be dug to investigate both structures and to see how they relate to one another. A Geophysical survey will be used further to the east, where the ground topography suggests the presence of more buried monuments and structures.<br>Along with this separation of occupations, there was also a hierarchal stratification within the empire. The elites of Tiwanaku lived inside four walls that were surrounded by a moat. This moat, some believe, was to create the image of a sacred island.</p> <p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-rgRvy-BxSJ8/UOO-XDG-xVI/AAAAAAAAEk0/teuNyUPWmd8/s1600-h/image%25255B25%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDhn8b4K7lMmyC4zO0QCjguh3XfbcnP1o4cYjh3xLHGLAPJo-jUUBM79rNK46ZvAWW9ob62b5nTpu-WLGISoKkJFbyJQyNrBSCgq-yu8Z8eStXXJcaAYo8mXobCMKBcTugCmLON1hDEYqZ/?imgmax=800" width="502" height="389"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2" face="Arial">Tiwanaku moat</font></p> <p>Inside the walls there were many images of human origin that only the elites were privileged to see, despite the fact that these images represent the beginning of all humans not only the elite. Commoners may have only ever entered this structure for ceremonial purposes since it was home to the holiest of shrines<font color="#b64fbb" size="2" face="Arial">.</font></p> <p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSu3VYH50tFLngcMpgbJyixA4gNYUXlUr1hkvK8j6KxSz067gI4DaO6910Hhtf-hvUOkEwFrQrrhqzzT7De-lcH3ZgcpG9CCn9SiDE26pt3oQL0lh8iQjbEg9j21XtogjA55y9ylJ0gL8q/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-aCsi97JOv-w/UOO-nh0WKzI/AAAAAAAAElM/NCrALsyeBI4/image_thumb%25255B18%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="552" height="429"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2" face="Arial">Tiwanaku- Faces of the noble room</font></p> <p align="justify">The community grew to urban proportions between AD 600 and AD 800, becoming an important regional power in the southern Andes. According to early estimates, at its maximum extent, the city covered approximately 6.5 square kilometers, and had between 15,000 – 30,000 inhabitants. However, satellite imaging was used recently to map the extent of fossilized suka kollus across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, arriving at population-carrying capacity estimates of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.</p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizfiMMPBVfxhOu0qPxNpiZxgH6BwXtS5t-1xaYeMFSLKh4bIK5Vk1h3MJBM93EVP66VPNMOHCJnOaFVBeYMchqiaXZUoWQdS69wNZKcN9K187YeDQK96Hsz92ff9qO7HSN9Y-iasYTkyvc/s1600-h/image%25255B35%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_n_hrnmho8pza6OPSeK8hI4NWBBewyxIWBe1r97uqelGkprCLjkk7MZUpIolPhB8_QoN3f9bX-vTIf2Ko9zPSd7hTsmaC8Xp55HtUBSvR-rt2haYzbNzIZnL9KNJZ9o26nh_7nBySXTp0/?imgmax=800" width="575" height="400"></a><br><font color="#b64fbb" size="2" face="Arial">The Semi- Subterranean Temple</font></p> <p align="justify">The Tiwanaku civilization was an agrarian based economy. The population is estimated at an 115,000 peak in the concentrated, urbanized core area of Tiwanaku, with 365,000 totals in the city and three nearby valleys. In all probability, state-controlled agriculture produced the surplus wealth to support the urban center and administrative specialists. Tiwanaku and adjacent valleys are clearly agricultural areas. A series of villages lining the sides of the valleys and 19,000 hectares of fossil raised fields remain in evidence today, sufficient area to sustain a population of 500,000 or more persons, given sufficient water flow to the system. The extensive and intensive raised field agriculture was dependent on large-scale reclamation of wetlands, dikes, aqueducts, causeways and canals. Massive hydraulic projects controlled the waters. The raised fields, the most important aspect of the Tiwanaku Empire’s agrarian economy, were the largest expanse of raised fields in the world in its time.</p> <p><br></p></font></font> <p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-m0AUlQnT07m6RzIu7yOuuj2j_YSq6Y7WD6Q1gr_GcTRYGktH-E_uz1y_qjWC5AEyX1akPfjjN74Xzgn2pXBb3CEzc3i-ijssjE0_jqezZPqtu9zup8re4AkK29ZXZFtvV5w_EMGIArV/s1600-h/image%25255B42%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguHtyT7RdhWMsbd0cNZ0eaZSqtKuHUOA3w5D1F8G2QIrnbrBjXlANDMideKwEwekRG3Z7_tWVL0e1GfpxwcDPMzGOTcOjNN6GczA1qmmrx3pum2VbUIpXJEXBpYqYOGweW2vfcuf1XkfKt/?imgmax=800" width="575" height="441"></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Aerial View of the Putuni Complex, the Kalasasaya Complex, </font><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"> and the Semi-Subterranean Temple</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-38426797117115529402012-12-31T11:51:00.001-08:002012-12-31T11:51:29.159-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 12<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Kalasasaya complex was used as a ceremonial center and for astronomical observations, allowing users to observe and define certain astronomical activities on any day of the 365-day year. This indicates that the Tiwanaku civilization understood earth/sun cycles (calendar) and astronomy well enough to incorporate them into their construction and agricultural projects.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-j2xVg-8nIMA/UOHsbqeVBcI/AAAAAAAAEhE/wD-VT27Hysc/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRCmWKmjQ3Od-EfOEvqYxSG_KgZurXJ9wR8XwNDG48IzWLIcngGfYhkavRZYdSZPlc2h5QRSgW9UFgl-Je7jDis0CuAVd2StEvMHcv4F1Ir4HBb3xYOGMnHzx1Hr5PYk4UuwJyrmwEZveT/?imgmax=800" width="567" height="273"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Panorama</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Throughout their imperial reign, the Tiwanaku shared domination of the Middle Horizon Period with the Wari. The Wari culture rose and fell around the same time and was centered 500 miles north in the southern highlands of Peru. The relationship between the two empires is unknown. Definite interaction between the two is proved by their shared iconography in art. Significant elements of both of these styles (the split eye, trophy heads, and staff-bearing profile figures, for example) seem to have been derived from that of the earlier Pukara culture in the northern Titicaca Basin. This may indicate the people of the Pukara culture were related to the people of Tiwanaku too. The people of Tiwanaku created a powerful ideology, using previous Andean icons that spread throughout their sphere of influence using extensive trade routes and shamanistic art.<br>Tiwanaku sculpture is comprised typically of blocky column-like figures with huge, flat square eyes, and detailed with shallow relief carving. They are often holding ritual objects like the Ponce Stella or the Bennett Monolith.</font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbYfohHJoaLPzXUX-RPsxJo_7hT9n7S64UdgDTzF-b9eAkErVaU_sucrLtfTFp3bIqk6kj_GrhYsatTHFIGVGK0Tgd22z1XzyrBwhMUqNlGHJBQHmtrgWHhLsEeS7R-Rc5wPWQBK0ongqP/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxcDYL8RwoRaSWrqg8nCrkVj7Z2lMdb-tgdx6KCba6krXZ_Q1dbhqvdeqqG-gmsa3l_vp-CtJdZ-cYfZlS74O_7P26xeUQrhb_4P1mh27K1gJrxbyDeTunAm5bfilNeHe9lOHGEWs4xT_M/?imgmax=800" width="422" height="616"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Bennett Monolith</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The largest Stella at Tiwanaku (above) is 24 feet high (20 tons), known as the Bennett monolith, or 'Pachamama' monolith. The lower half of its body, which is covered with fish-heads, reminds one of the Mesopotamian legendary deity, Oannes, the half-man, half-fish, amphibious being who conveyed special knowledge to ancient humankind. Oannes is often associated with the Andean creator god, Viracocha. It is said that Viracocha came from the sea too. Some statues have been found holding severed heads such as the figure on the Akapana Pyramid, possibly a puma-shaman.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-7vQ4skXyo5E/UOHsmjKS_xI/AAAAAAAAEhk/D24Tg9PnYW4/s1600-h/image%25255B15%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3uwsCwRuPSjILvOFEuLmIBiTY11mU0Zj1uMyL-A8at7C7b5a8KGbiKo2FfyBWKaNjsQs8ABBVkiRz90cg70SLSJT05o5FvpS-Fw9-ppRWP6OqG0hfXr2YVxjH4cXFG7fP3JA4B5-eNDzJ/?imgmax=800" width="361" height="542"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Human Effigy</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">These images suggest ritual human beheading, which correlate with the discovery of headless skeletons found under the Akapana Pyramid. Therefore, this civilization was quite bloodthirsty in its religion. The Nazca also beheaded people and practiced the use of Trophy Heads. The Nazca took the trophy head hunting as far as they could and that may be one of the reasons for that civilization’s downfall. They practiced a fertility rite that also went to extremes. Tiwanaku probably had a similar religion. It is possible that during a rite of Pachamama some sort of fertility ritual was conducted atop their high altars.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-YONfZSDGF4s/UOHspY-lPRI/AAAAAAAAEh0/tR5384VLoZ8/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWyGiOCYoTc0ZuV0VWMSqxWdMVEaAqbGwZpf-nZrVV4aBLt4aDrYkbCk4WeBerBlW81czD8h4NSkWBPV6SOGOHXqpGJIkvT6DMXXKMO4J97LazhkIOcRN0wY0Xzo2VI4b0UYYT1TJI5EaB/?imgmax=800" width="326" height="354"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">A Pachamama fertility symbol</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">From 300 A.D. on Tiwanaku began to expand in influence and power in the region. From 400 A.D., the Tiwanaku culture emerges from Lake Titicaca and spreads to southern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and northern Chile. This was in Early Intermediate Period 200 A.D. – 600 A.D. that made them contemporaries with the Moche and Nazca. I am beginning to believe there may have been more than a casual relationship with the Nazca as there is evidence that the Ancient Astronauts also were in this area. The Classic Period, 300-700 AD., is the period that produced most of the large stone structures seen today. The use of bronze and gold indicates trade contacts. Pottery includes human heads and faces with bulging cheeks, indicating the coca leaf was in use by this time.<br>Near the main complex there appears at first glance to be little more than a gentle slope, but upon closer inspection shows the entire surface to be covered with huge quantities of ceramics and other artifacts. A little over ten years ago, excavations by Bolivian archaeologist Javier Escalante revealed that this sloped area was formally sculpted into a series of stone terraces that served as platforms for homes. Did this population make the food, drink, and elaborate decorations necessary for ceremonies? Were they allowed to attend the rituals at the monuments, or were they simply observers? No one at this time knows for sure - but people who lived and worked at this giant ceremonial complex had to have a place to live:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQj5qNGT-Fnhyr_WXifebH1evW-FN-1fLBWhX-NEJwSZn4MTdHDCCXUCmKs1qCLkDZH_s8S-Ps7aCZjVwbh_h1GsRkHZVtxW1KsqWizaPAL0bXsMsEh68xCf4psfG8G1pzOg1q_9rs1FH3/s1600-h/image%25255B25%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguvMaKz_6rZ_GdxtSGVJtYGBd5OkQNEEtodpCcbap6olONaP1mfACInNjRSKnZ1I1vYnjPV2MPQ67VQBu91FV8BB-zC8cSxarWU0BpMlvLrFjXEad4P-3b0C9YtmmiyXmz_95w7UvFO8Oy/?imgmax=800" width="520" height="410"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The La Karana Mound</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-81913183293603108992012-12-29T19:00:00.001-08:002012-12-29T19:00:42.844-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 11<p> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-izguVtlOFAQ/UN-tZKYyJeI/AAAAAAAAEdU/Hzm3l0JJxIY/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGuz-0ml5SgyydoNm0dTx1pPtw9hfPNfU6BXUnEMPpFO-QDoOa0vqG5JuMcnZkmULWK-xOAKP4JioeC88B_w8iyqYTL6yxNHd7UKVbmzusmpy27ktlPR4CeBpRwhA3LIP0AJK57g7oUXq8/?imgmax=800" width="573" height="481"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Viracocha above the Portal of the Sun</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">So was Viracocha from another world? It would seem so by this account as none of the native people had fair skin or red beards and wore white clothing.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-umGCXAzTacA/UN-tfQ2-DLI/AAAAAAAAEdk/-KCV0pT4uO8/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8QC4zm4YGyLTuV1_Bae7fYZ6KsQoG2D-JTRFFBZ4sneHmCngtHu4Dsbw-BmuQL1bELkCW1776uZdIOpQv2XvjaoAMe-oNutzWdaf47UdMOJ8va47fW5Cks_UJNYlshRzNCQO4P1yINXUT/?imgmax=800" width="562" height="425"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Viracocha Stella monolith</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Inca believed that their creator deity rather than a civilized society much older than their own made monoliths such as these in the Semi-Subterranean Temple</font>.</p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdZI5YwP-EzVzR0Kj-mzPlnYqVRgQ1UmUXXHysYcruC5M9dc-UyFoPUrcLZSjsR0QnTYW2MY3onN-GAZDxxtaxFNEINkodAeNT-he-cLWLPt993ulXf00_Fp3XLU7PPHlMKWCdzQzIsF2/s1600-h/image%25255B15%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-96V2tBk9lMs/UN-tteApjMI/AAAAAAAAEd8/lMDdH_ZR27s/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="450" height="715"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">A close up of the monolith Stella that depicts a man with a beard and eyebrows that looks like the description above.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Viracocha seems to be a celestial teacher of an extraordinary sort and his so-called offspring may be the officers who served under him. No written language of Tiwanaku survives. Did they have a written language that we have not discovered? We know the people of Tiwanaku used the khipu.</font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-bYFBvtmOUr0/UN-tultryRI/AAAAAAAAEeE/BdsZvrOuzkU/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNLe63lyyL0xXmtmfEW6FOAdkzjVEV6ZsLThbD8VY3icHYaDU_gwiA7DakCtYIzRC0WbexFn6SfRsxZL3ZVc9KAb8hswKibymRRjseE7uEXriJZw8ounpJD6IBMWybt3eBT-owSUlC_iUa/?imgmax=800" width="386" height="424"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Khipu</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">What we have that might be the written language of Tiwanaku is in the symbols that they left behind.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-w6mAAOre-14/UN-tzjKfXtI/AAAAAAAAEeU/oHAVlm9fTT4/s1600-h/image%25255B26%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiOad6lFpT_KLvC8JYOOp-BVXyNTu7aEWdRk7pv4rSz8GD7zBNVGmcMDzvAWnHTnJGLe2j4zrRcgxG_Uup4xRFsqUJnq8_z8lyG9dBF-iexb5nvVimiHFmxnvQk20DkYS7gRTjUjy2mjM/?imgmax=800" width="468" height="668"></a><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"><br></p></font> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku monolith statue</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">As you should notice, this monolith has symbols carved into the skirt. These marks could indicate the figure’s importance; they could be astronomical or astrological symbols, all of which could be notations and hence writing.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZMJJ60MOj8IkPnNZ6v7aypBhOuM4gdR1TKaEhG3CxZ-wthFRn1zQYIcmpZFyrwhPw8mNypUqrpPhcWKbXeU3ElBwGOB27X8xAQTKu8LqnJgL4psrrGcPMujsQX8HLJOl3mhyC7i7cKQu2/s1600-h/image%25255B31%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGsLG58IP04waM37A84WEWky1rsyv9bhMrJxke1cCl1rj5COuBrFny-orjEU86yVcvW-QHHHOweygdzlo8MbJ7VGfX4GnVEykghyruodzHkQgtlWRscP3GaeF7PTGBj8r8Pv0MHPsjYM0w/?imgmax=800" width="454" height="340"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Close up of the symbols on the skirt of the statue</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The people of Tiwanaku left these symbols on their monoliths and this may have been their written language whose translatability is now lost. I strongly suspect that is what has happened. Since we barely understand how to translate the Quipus (or Talking Knots), it would only make sense that the language of the Tiwanaku would be hard to decipher or translate too. Because these symbols definitely have a meaning.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-jSORjMpAnPg/UN-t-iecsWI/AAAAAAAAEe0/rI99RG4UamI/s1600-h/image%25255B36%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskwKC2O6L9xgK2PTyBD8XCWPK1WAo2JmY0W3pfqOO_tmo5B9hX8ryshGXSqgyQguRkEjX_u1lR3ZzZEI3lDgUlAWsbOZ3n5zX5FD_Hq5ogn0HhqQJ4vjf0i9RQCQCIuGX-dA5dcHKLfII/?imgmax=800" width="407" height="680"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Side view of monolith statue</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">You will note from this view you can see symbols on the monoliths belt, on the arm a tattoo and an armband, and the hat on the head seems to have some symbols carved into it too. Could the belt be a power belt of some sort? As you can see condor symbols and there may be symbols of Viracocha on it as well.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypWGKyTcEGPKaitUUNCBM7PxvrUc7v2OLlxggkKt_3bFAhfV2oLh7GYUd0exu2OoPTHGcPoEqT0fGO24A8OQfz8EJByew6gJRhu3qdDr-5AiUyEhPSa7t-IpLQkcjrmG6bFN-qOrPoFFA/s1600-h/image%25255B42%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-wAW6_t9pxjA/UN-uHXUqbcI/AAAAAAAAEfM/rJgkW2W_xdQ/image_thumb%25255B26%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="573" height="251"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Relief on the top of the Portal to the Sun</font></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">On the Portal to the sun, Viracocha in the center signifies the spring and autumn equinox (the longest days in the year). There are forty-five birds on this relief most probably condors. At the bottom, there are small carvings of Viracocha at each full moon. At each end on the bottom is a representation of the solstices. Their year began with the first full moon and ended with the last full moon. Therefore, this part of the Portal of the Sun gives us Tiwanaku’s year. The New Year for the Tiwanaku is June 21st. The Aymara have preserved this tradition.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQf-qskCyrxN-V-SjOqxaxnX-48XfyNft9SByK0SKFYjo4GNts2bAFOvKGwKBfqU3_pWIqYY1lykJhIQ9HdXQJuKFu9af8pFlmkg2xJfvSrKsn8rWd1eJgiVHB5k873Qao8Jcwj4f3LC3/s1600-h/image%25255B47%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJPVUJoEFKFh2-D3uvvBvLeBi3Gs25TLOOhwnv7z3POr8fZtB9WS1wjjo_3AMiC-xToAT0jU-HjydPpwuVmjYv2hFMqZ0uQ6sXAX3f38kzmjWJHaRFnDWApAnTtEh7zO7_A7wfNJBxTXt/?imgmax=800" width="542" height="420"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Relief of the Condors on the Portal of the Sun</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Therefore, from this evidence we can infer that the Tiwanaku did have some form of simple written language carved in stone. However, we need to find more evidence if we expect to decipher these symbols.</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-58022040777723384852012-12-28T19:38:00.001-08:002012-12-28T19:43:40.471-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 10<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Aymara people celebrate their New Year on June 21. A particularly beautiful and significant celebration occurs at sunrise when the sun shines right through the Portal (or Gate) of the Sun in Tiwanaku.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-5PFEOj67bak/UN5k_Y5V6KI/AAAAAAAAEZY/Naj-4JvXO_o/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJrk-3Lk9Fmxhh4Azx57jk_jRO-j86BLiRSKDDyy8BcYeEZ_MDhAhL18uHnrOsF2tzNHNzaXUtWO2gn2H_q5qQz9bD4Qm0ecCYiNP-bi2Z-avA5sXyHe2RiO984WFMh7-5XRcN18lT6dc/?imgmax=800" width="571" height="408"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku - Portal of the Sun</font> </p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Tiwanaku’s god of the sun is depicted here in stone in the center above the gateway. This sun god and their creator is a being who may be thought of as an ancient astronaut. Viracocha here is carved into this most famous gateway, the Portal of the Sun, to overlook his people and lands. The Portal of the Sun is a monolithic structure of regular, non-monumental size. Viracocha many believe is associated with the weather: a celestial high god that personified various elements of natural forces intimately associated the productive potential of altiplano ecology: the sun, wind, rain, hail. This portal has symbols that may have been the written language of Tiwanaku. They are symbols that probably indicate the months and days of the year that were important to the people of Tiwanaku.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBekXeAYB5COhgyi1xj6abmIqbd0uLNYdtpNt7sShI08XkQvGN5drvpFXtWk9YtwVSjT4kh56cuvj73W9n4tGsa8uNo_xIssrbULV4v5VTZkgA8hG0i2gSQgqaUo5OcrS7MhU5bPnvFi0/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2B_MZEKnccSsT_Z1Oto4_onwE4SpGE65J775tyaZutpaSV_PDHLDJx8xNbK4xzev1VZWWhyEyE8glxVuUYh4PvpgXn-IY_0mg2oT6FCAPx-0QJDqZH5xk8cehV4UByJKNEdZ9uI1_twGk/?imgmax=800" width="476" height="664"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Detailed drawing of god in center of the Portal of the Sun</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Viracocha was worshipped as god of the sun and of storms. He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain. The art form above then is a representation of Tiwanaku’s religious cosmology. In some accounts, he wore sandals and a white, flowing robe that reached to the ground and carried a book in his hands. Viracocha taught the the ancestors of the Tiwanaku agriculture, mathematics, astronomy, and technological skills that enabled them to advance into the civilized culture they eventually became. He is credited with giving these primitive peoples all the knowledge they absorbed, used, and was immortalized in stone, leaving a legacy that baffles the best and brightest archaeologists and scientists of our time. As there exists no local written language yet deciphered (khipus remains poorly understood), what is known of their religious beliefs are based on archaeological interpretation and some myths, which may have been passed down by the Aymara, the Inca, and the Spanish.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"> </p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_f6nLRBW_muOCU1jL4k2t63JpJP_Zrv-mNx7bkJ_lca0fbuquczSeTped0hyphenhyphenFiABEmumF5CD4pOgh-nR394CGoW3_O3o6E3KtSlPcuP9bj8RHXHm0iLu-Q_dTWpKFpqeXEu1z6VpCd-N/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-qyKWpkipxqI/UN5lQWZmOoI/AAAAAAAAEaA/KkJ-qzf1b3g/image_thumb%25255B8%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="560" height="412"></a> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">An Inca Khipus</font> </p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The word "khipu", means, "talking knot" or "to knot", comes from the Quechua language. Archaeological evidence has shown that systems similar to the khipu were in use in the Andean regions from ca. 5000 BC. There is a possibility that the Ancient Astronauts taught the people of the Andes a rudimentary way of keeping records and that this was by using a Khipu.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRxdH164jMqJMVJIxFPIzcc5cEF9f1SyDJwUoXubwZqqDU_U_IU8VvIVjoJWwqBEqFcVjyLWZIsVtyJ253YVY5ZPvx3n6lSPibmpuVp3rRIrlS8uRrVz7O1kJLdBve0Uv70nsFYtIQkpR/s1600-h/image%25255B17%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE59AV8xth6Hvez5TQcPQXpCFpqWPkccmmRDo9KhGu1RLkOUBQOvGn6qQVXwGylZYQqGHSiqoOjq8oy5dt39UDOhyphenhyphenHx2NWU2VMLXoRUg27ojq6OHH5h7A4Iy3dOvD5nnMYPABmv5cpJrXx/?imgmax=800" width="504" height="337"></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Gary Urto</font><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">n Professor of Pre-Columbian Studies in the Department of Anthropology at Harvard University Specialist with Khipus Research</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">There is currently a theory put forward by Gary Urton that the Khipus represented a binary system capable of recording phonological information, which can be symbols of language. A logographic method where a single symbol representing an entire morpheme, word, or phrase, as for example the symbol (%), meaning per-cent could have been written in the language of an early Andean culture before the Incas. All information for what is known today is based on what was recorded by priests, from the iconography on Incan pottery and architecture, and the myths and legends, which survived amongst these native peoples. A few of these ancient priests may have been Ancient Astronauts as well.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_rnM_EkKFCVWCP0_DT52EauvQPSg4BQ9tO2IUPoRlR1OzCbPXb5cmbLNzASAHU0NZKtWaU6UKlsEd9ys6DJsGSH2n8sCqkzNRsuPYQviKWn4Qurfnv15rnKIwsx9mnXWeR14clxi-ilBI/s1600-h/image%25255B23%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_jHEalE_3TNIIiObaIZT80mzT_m_Dtt94UFCqECDcaQq_-rCcezP5eCqpYb7FBZF20eeviiBEWM0EW59TqTEnOn5arwZZjxQGHTwo48rtOTJjMBTUy2ODHGljn0RUiQJIO8qRgiMhBdj-/?imgmax=800" width="575" height="551"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Ancient Tiwanaku khipus</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font color="#d3a938">Khipus (or Quipus), sometimes called talking knots, were recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America. A quipu usually consisted of colored, spun, and plied thread or strings from llama or alpaca hair. It could also be made of cotton cords. The cords contained numeric and other values encoded by knots in a base ten positional system. Khipus might have just a few or up to 2,000 cords. However, the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost, as the people of Tiwanaku have no recognizable written language that has been discovered yet. Nevertheless, they used khipus too, and the name we know them by probably comes from the Inca. Like most ancient civilizations, the Inca probably adopted the Khipus from an older civilization that they conquered or assimilated. What was bartered for, how much, when and who, was recorded by making marks (or knots here). The real wordiness of language came along much later. They did not know the experience we have of writing today-as in writing; we use to write books (like this story or a story in a book). They preserved such stories in the oral tradition passed down from generation to generation. The Inca also probably made Tiwanaku’s religion and mythology their own much as the Romans did when they conquered ancient Greece. Things that were used to make writing marks and the objects or materials they used to write on did not last long in these early times. The khipus subsequently played a key part in the administration </font><font color="#d3a938">of Tahuantinsuyu, the empire controlled by the Incan ethnic group, which flourished across the Andes from ca.1450 to 1532 AD. However, their use began long before the Inca came into existence. Khipus, sometimes called talking knots, were recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America. . The cords contained numeric and other values encoded by knots in a base ten positional system. Quipu is the Spanish spelling and the most common spelling in English. Khipu (pronounced [ˈkʰipu]) is the word for "knot" in Cusco Quechua (the native Inca language); the kh is an aspirated k. In most Quechua varieties, the term is kipu.</font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#8080c0" size="3"><strong>System:</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Marcia and Robert Ascher, after having analyzed several hundred Quipus, have shown that most information on Khipus is numeric, and these numbers can be read. Each cluster of knots is a digit, and there are three main types of knots:</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">1. Simple overhand knots:</font></p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7E2l4mY2db0mOL8Ro2euth7FUun9mwET3RgmDLg_e62UnGPst9zMzz27d7lAH6PCmZ0sqL_lRsG3vxL4oTaqJZqieC2r2mu9yxhtgQFzoZhsylUfuJPgNg0BmhlsPPsihb-b4pI4rognf/s1600-h/image%25255B28%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3tFk1PR3Jz-peHkHLHZ_QXV31Q4ovOadY5O9gKc_UueX4pygOZZqzcstAS5G2KYOG7ogtBHblFD7AqNC2E8uSGMOT04wC_r0OL_muG7vDTMQZlVq9A6GWUsrklebOafkm9LqOhVKbN8y1/?imgmax=800" width="248" height="306"></a></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" size="3"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">2. "Long knots", consisting of an overhand knot with one or more additional turns:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#8080c0" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p><font color="#8080c0" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigHTnb0w4dg1rW2H0J4LBlfd48jD3sRfGr41zcCT0n0EnzOGYyAMois4HHvzeHbJE_o5YF6r5NigwLOzEbf6Uj9uRHnJapeMpe23sf4aV_liyPaZROFzj30aOGkxFzu2qgiFnfKK7qj3Br/s1600-h/image%25255B33%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTawtLxMEHW7c9eKsBjiyITgerE6DBNHYMNaDt2MIvQuEQrMW-lW0RMioV0BcMd0BUsfWPaplLDK0iOGkcIzSTVPCaJOBNff04PGFRT9xEJYCgDCwx9L38Bhq2rpHU61mQYoqpw98qIDmo/?imgmax=800" width="406" height="318"></a><br></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" size="3"></font></strong> </p> <p><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">3. “E” knots, “Z” (top) and “S” (bottom):</font></p> <p> </p> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="left"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2vUj9Arjc9d7lhRl-KqTGzj2i691DyaqgU1yrLcUvfGYIXI9-CtYlnzNfCNx56kMLB09zxnzU5WFl5TOthhtpSHumVIZM7B7FT4F5m8CV8zpTmg-rAh_ZuJ5VsaFaHWcxMXeZ4P19VqHR/s1600-h/image%25255B38%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-zQhqrxbwEqU/UN5leWNRvhI/AAAAAAAAEbQ/WJ_tEd9nXTc/image_thumb%25255B22%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="228" height="396"></a></p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="center"><font color="#8080c0" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><strong>Structure of a Khipus:</strong></font></p> <p align="center"><strong><font color="#8080c0" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font></strong> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP1brw7HjF-7pu8yn86_BcscwJssDn-vorrLZhsCkULhWqy6AYoUrh3GfrjQknSak9QVUecbYeYQsflocmA7qEoseMlWbP5LE9ctva8kbbq00TqOP-a_lSHzK49QFxxbw4gTcgWIylTpV6/s1600-h/image%25255B43%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpA2wdWo7VCM3Qh4B3WD6QQ3D16o6xD7nzN9AbN75Ua_HTVmfeQcKzEG6LAucjkW47Sj-WdTWswYTSBcM4PJQnkj3g1B_i2FUtYTCVJtSKFTxGgaOd2ho0S6Tn1MJLFdDGBEIjbQZeOTkO/?imgmax=800" width="518" height="602"></a></p> <p> </p> <ul> <li><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Powers of ten are shown by position along the string, and this position is aligned between successive strands. </font></li></ul> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <ul> <li><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Digits in positions for 10 and higher powers are represented by clusters of simple knots (e.g., 40 is four simple knots in a row in the "tens" position). </font></li></ul> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <ul> <li><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Long knots represent digits in the “ones” position (e.g., four is a knot with four turns). Because of the way, the knots are tied, the digit 1 cannot be shown this way and is represented in this position by a figure-of-eight knot.</font></li></ul> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Zero is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position. </font></li></ul> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <ul> <li><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Because the ones digit is shown in a distinctive way, it is clear where a number ends. One strand on a quipu can therefore contain several numbers.</font> </li></ul> <p> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLgkf-UY5LtMUCZXINFEqQfuNwzvKheugfoHVQKWa5FLhmFWWJKYR7EcweUYjqXdaV7u5JPu1TwTVDvTLfS6AgFJHAlhmGqVeA_yWfwdK4vr4UbWJE-p9vOSOTPtvRsDQDqVXnH_NMxNrr/s1600-h/image%25255B48%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-5azpIDsZKxM/UN5lmqERaJI/AAAAAAAAEbw/e6Yj-yfGCBs/image_thumb%25255B28%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="558" height="352"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Pendants showing three common types of multicolored cords</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Khipus could be quite complex as they could indicate number and place and time. Knots indicated number; time could be indicated by location of the knot, and place of origin by the color of the cord (cords come in four or five different colors). The Inca used it in the administration of its empire to account for population and taxes. However, some theorists believe there may be a type of cryptic writing that can be deciphered from it. Gary Urton, may have already decoded the first word from a khipu—the name of a village, Puruchuco, which Urton believes was represented by a three-number sequence, similar to a ZIP code. If this conjecture is correct, Khipus are the only known example of a complex language recorded in a 3-D system. If the Ancient Astronauts did teach ancient man how to use this simple but complex computing device then they did it world wide, as Khipus were also used by ancient man in Europe and Asia as well.</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-3958836461672101082012-12-26T20:32:00.001-08:002012-12-26T20:38:03.452-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 9<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">At the Kalasasaya Complex above the Main Entrance is an elaborate bas-relief frieze depicting a central deity, standing on a stepped platform, wearing an elaborate headdress, and holding a staff in each hand.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-h3O5di-Y4Uw/UNvOSqwqQ9I/AAAAAAAAET4/DA3UXex0NUo/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaW7XugvwODHeFYiABjgWfFD_Kusm35I7tY3DGsiKwzgVeZwVKtHx71V2lBz0NMcxZZycllJfx6Onu9AuJx7Jm69tsPF7X50oyvXw6sGLvzkmXQ6gN441RSt_5-E0VGBxBgGE-Rx6KGBNG/?imgmax=800" width="455" height="723"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"> Monolithic statue at Entrance of Kalasasaya Complex</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">In one legend Viracocha, destroyed the people around Lake Titicaca with a Great Flood, saving two people to bring civilization to the rest of the world, these two beings were Manco Cápac, the son of Inti (sometimes taken as the son of Viracocha), which name means "splendid foundation", and Mama Ocllo, which means "mother fertility" (Pachamama). Pachamama is a goddess revered by the indigenous people of the Andes. Pachamama is usually translated as Mother Earth, but a more literal translation would be "Mother world" (in Aymara and Quechua mama = mother / pacha = world or land; and later widened to the modern meaning as the cosmos or the universe). Pachamama and Inti are their most benevolent deities; they are worshiped in parts of the Andean mountain ranges, also known as the Tawantinsuyu (the former Inca Empire) stretching from present day Ecuador to Chile and northern Argentina to Peru the center of the ancient Inca Empire with its capital city in Cuzco. This particular statue is made of green basaltic Andesite. One of the most puzzling aspects of the Tiwanaku construction projects was the lack of nearby quarries. The source of the green Andesite stones, the material from which the most elaborate carvings and this monolith are made is on the Copacabana Peninsula, across Lake Titicaca. One theory is that these giant Andesite stones (the largest weighing 40 tons) were transported some 90 kilometers across Lake Titicaca on reed boats, then laboriously dragged another 10 kilometers to the city of Tiwanaku. You will note the lines carved into a statue that it was carved in a certain way. Statues of deities were not exact copies of how that deity looked, but rather an artistic representation of what the people of Tiwanaku thought of their deities. Everything it wore had in its hands, and what it was portrayed doing, had a religious significance in their culture.</font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLNgH65E5s3tSPtnNKgWtdB2hCAKRGN55QixN643kOtpjgHAg6x7pzHlNZUgxQBbzt3CTxwvKLB8kQ72H73D3-ADVX09f8eZjM4D4rdrRMupz84hK_ovCWiNlbD-ro-DVFuAYv1RCGEScQ/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9BTV_n1BToUvoUtO-yzZuh9AWY6xu7glzAF-dHb81DAdO8zZm_rS4oWusUlvYlOL4TbvG3lXDG-D0rVtCSOgZjHCd12J81rN_2iD_tWGunalGQjyVpLIAfAbVFPUx-fQVQBne6h-Lhm0t/?imgmax=800" width="446" height="684"></a></p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb"><font size="2" face="Arial">Green Andesite pillar</font></font></p> <p align="justify">In most cases the ancient civilizations had little, if any, advanced technology that would help them move these monoliths. The most notable exception is that of the ancient Greeks and Romans who had cranes and tread wheels to help lift colossal stones. Published scholars base most of these weights on estimates; however, there have been numerous false estimates of many of these stones presented as facts. To help recognize exaggerations, an introductory description shows how to calculate the weight of colossal stones by calculating volume and density. The weight of a stone can be calculated by multiplying its volume and density. The density of most stones is between two and three tons per cubic meter. The average weight of granite is about 2.75 metric tons per cubic meter, limestone 2.3 metric tons per cubic meter, sandstone or marble 2.5 tons per cubic meter. Some softer stones may be lighter than 2 tons per cubic meter like volcanic tuff or basalt, which weighs about 1.9 tons per cubic meter. Since the density of most of these stones fluctuates, it is necessary to know the source of the stone and volume to obtain accurate measurements.</p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p><u>Densities of common rocks:</u><br>(in g/cm3 / ton/m3)<br><u>````` Material:</u> <u>Density:</u><br>Sediments 1.7–2.3<br>Sandstone 2.0–2.6<br>Shale 2.0–2.7<br>Limestone 2.5–2.8<br>Granite 2.5–2.8<br>Metamorphic Rock 2.6–3.0<br>Basalts 2.7–3.1</p> <p> </p> <p align="justify">Andesite is a volcanic-basaltic rock usually with 60% Si03 (quartz) and various other elements are involved as well, including pyroxene, feldspar, and plaigiase. In Tiwanaku, Bolivia several ashlars weighing 100 to 130 tons, was transported 6 miles (9.7 km). It is believed that the transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as obelisk carriers. For lifting operations, ancient cranes were employed since ca. 515 BC. However, we do not know if the people of Tiwanaku had any equipment like that or what they used to transport 100-130 ton stones.</p> <p align="center">How Stones Could Have been loaded on boats:</p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjh41hs8jAkyTpwNQEGuokwu_yns8Lm2ReYDKsRwDk3lJti_5HwwkY3dqeNuaCKPG1IyDwn5jHGFvAM3w045SxrFzOfnxfZBOLBv1w4l5AKYFvnhZg45buC7sh1IiBTaHDX0NsW-A9YSXx/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz1m2DWglgR6U-vTcbmvHv5wYY2sPWbpyogMh9AtrbWcDw7TxGlAj9TE4CJhf0kCebxyJR32p6fd5cgFwVq1v93Rcv8z7ZkpgeiVmwskX7W7nm467jnkunjLgWj1h5oV8lL75TokEZCdXe/?imgmax=800" width="548" height="527"></a></font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">It should be stressed that all numbers are estimations, since only in the rarest cases were monoliths actually weighed. The distance from Tiwanaku to quarry in Copacabana area is 36.61 miles. Area where Andesite stones near Lake Titicaca were found (area where they were probably unloaded from boat-transport) is 10.09 miles from Tiwanaku. Here Ancient Astronaut technology could have been used to move the heaviest of stones, stones weighing more than 100 tons. First, we must consider how the Tiwanaku could have moved some of the smaller stones they used in building their structures. Those stones weighing in the area of 40 tons such as that used in making the monolithic statue above.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeJs3dnX9fsqIcGanIUOh1zJ_VmElInQEW8-TlrUSckMGWFwCAk7t5-mqty7fEBviM7T986ffYcJ_tdCdnZVraq8X1iyjbLoihT0LQ29-Qz26kwvDF9uRnfB6yDr8ou9qL_EttnkbboeL3/s1600-h/image%25255B19%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEiMBro8ZBdo5FPxNYnhuesQUpqjqaLRyN7TjooPyykHzLyhyWSFe2mt-eAWdhelm2hf6FzsDAZr6HvXNoJNJ0Dl8eg_pm-1717zPPMtVwbcu6ISGub45LuKvTs9Nt-Ci5VRTGyPcEz7Sx/?imgmax=800" width="562" height="428"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Copacabana Peninsula today</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Qala Yampu Experiment</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">In Aymara, qala means stone, and yampu means totora boat. The prehistoric city of Tiwanaku, near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca, was abandoned around 1250 AD, some 200 years before the Inca established their Andean empire. Its monumental ruins have often been compared to Stonehenge in that no one knows how an ancient civilization could have made them. It is puzzling not only because some of the stones weigh as much as 130 tons, but because there are no quarries nearby in the case of Andesite, but rather on the other side of Lake Titicaca on the Copacabana Peninsula. Again, Andesite was not the only type of stone they used as I earlier stated.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWJ8weQZMqFbY2F-mNJ8h4o1zbtfozOYgWEGqH100uRHRTKU4g4mpw3XUBdqiuUh1R3-zZrCBqTvsmwdsXNTlcTAPt301Ysa0ZpziRjZLNaz8kaU8F4jVH2cllP_NkwcmmM8rdkZLVjCe3/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXyZvqWeN_jiwk72AhcN63Xv1OtGrQUgajDNWMiYuOKeTJFQfReMTIVvOshQdbfuSy2JR3YY5nIQTBTiX7G7TEZXnd29LA0nKd0dNI1-YBRvyFFscxQlYzc-X5wzl4r0mp7ZOMYMrsG1zF/?imgmax=800" width="537" height="550"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku stone route</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">One theory is that these giant Andesite stones were transported across Lake Titicaca on reed boats of ancient design to the closest shores to Tiwanaku, and then laboriously dragged 10 kilometers to the city. Archeologists wanted to test this theory by recreating the Tiwanaku building process with a multi-national team of volunteers, aided by leading Aymara experts in totora boat building.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">This project was to (in part): </font></p> <p><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">1. Quarry a 9-ton stone.<br>2. Build a totora boat to carry the stone and sail it across the lake. <br>3. Load and unload the stone using only natural ancient means.</font> </p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJR8FhzsJChf6-hFTIc7QBoLZrk_kmuHmWyPGgU3o9EFmKRZPcEJ2u_4nLdmf5cUaTAVez8YAgC6bdvX7RQVWb_HEAYGW3-HqfR9D1j_2BAd-tLLfCeERUrEt7SWBmrYOlMMKzsTF6HWnb/s1600-h/image%25255B29%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGWoMcSr8l5ho_2r-xOA1WthD5T1fVt_OqBcvzRV7PCvrZ7Na9pjveXgu-jY0kBzvmrefpnlYWepDszZevDlHeOBBh2KE9AcO-rYe5fgsNdA3phQDCEnqbbesAmXzlldgWUkLbugwgJI9/?imgmax=800" width="445" height="585"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Dried totora that was used to build the boat</font></p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Reed boat manufacturing in this region includes gathering and joining bundles of totora reeds and fastening them with rope made from dried out prairie grass or ichu.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-PIJLNjkxLU8/UNvO_iwQUuI/AAAAAAAAEVY/N9QYAOwxISQ/s1600-h/image%25255B34%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kn27PAeWGAE/UNvPC7dk8zI/AAAAAAAAEVg/Qpc96H5hAas/image_thumb%25255B20%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="548" height="448"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku boat progress size and shape</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The reed bundles are connected with more ichu to build the spine of the boat. Finally, the row of bundles was pounded into a crescent shape. The theory was to emulate the ancient design successfully. The raft's porous nature should filter out water from the waves kicked up by the high winds of the Altiplano. If not, they could be swamped and lose the stone or worse.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ndEg6exaUaI/UNvPGlYXi4I/AAAAAAAAEVo/06UknyS--UI/s1600-h/image%25255B39%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqcA4J-uZbP6UPvu0OLIqWVU_zN31TPnka0B4sFVSy9EAd9v7DvWYUAK0BD4ymMsF5gLnks-UtKMUK60ZU6zkXiJqfGw0mP9-QOj2iYe6lELswTjNf5_QsKsftrWJhqWXoCggdITc7QejY/?imgmax=800" width="555" height="404"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Loading the nine-ton Andesite stone on the boat</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Once in the lake the boat-absorbed water, this is the nature of totora. The absorbed water acted like ballast, having a tremendous stabilizing effect. Originally, the boat only drafted about 15 inches. Once the stone was loaded the boat drafted about double that in the center where the weight was located, but considerably less away from center. The boat held the weight of the 9-ton stone. If poles had been placed correctly on the deck of the boat to distribute the weight, the boat could have easily carried double the weight. Nevertheless, this is still nowhere near the weight of a stone weighing 40 tons.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwx7AaSH_iKfK3ec_QBu4fVef5RtyaALOhf0mgEvIcwFr41SqJjJx22-o7kmgCC18qJl0Xlc7H0sgrUsmynuS7Xs1OgSWjbZbDyED18RB-ojSN_aT7cBtqbijns-e846jKhAqxcrQ774gz/s1600-h/image%25255B44%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCoV2HIRF8COXL3i8NKNX6S7MkTeykK1WwM2eyOpQAG-9Ip3BaWYIyuVjK_l-u_4Ee1cZLtPqPacdsOqOXPU3sIxCEX6iC1ulZcjBAgyZeLY5mE8YBpzSiQZW6T6UYOjRI8tUFWgcgBO5O/?imgmax=800" width="558" height="412"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Boat carrying stone across Lake Titicaca</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-48746661023671680492012-12-24T13:29:00.001-08:002012-12-27T14:37:08.415-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 8<div><br></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">From about 1-300 AD. Tricolor pottery in geometric designs, decorated with images of stylized animals was being made at Tiwanaku.</span></div> <div align="center"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-j55-90_BObA/UNjIqZH6SSI/AAAAAAAAERA/PPy4zffS4-Y/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-juFkJ2GdVko/UNjIsvQSR5I/AAAAAAAAERI/-gXgoxYebp4/image_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="441" height="600"></a></div> <div align="center"><span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small">Tiwanaku Bottle depicting Wiracocha (Viracocha)</span></div> <div align="justify"><br><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">The construction of the Kalasasaya complex continued. Large stones of exceptional workmanship characterize Tiwanaku monumental architecture. In contrast, to the masonry style of the Inca. Tiwanaku stone architecture usually employs rectangular ashlar blocks in regular courses, and monumental structures were frequently fitted with elaborate drainage systems.</span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small"></span> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-RgIeCMyb73M/UNjIx4U5RsI/AAAAAAAAERQ/93jlilVaaRk/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-6YsTgrKSRTI/UNjI01BKTTI/AAAAAAAAERY/aJDFN9w6ljk/image_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="556" height="474"></a></div> <div align="center"><span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small">Tiwanaku-Kalasasaya Complex Courtyard</span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">The Kalasasaya (kala for stone; saya or sayasta for standing up) or Stepped Stones Complex is a major archaeological structure that is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Tiwanaku. The Kalasasaya is a low platform mound with a large courtyard that is surrounded by high stonewalls. The Kalasasaya is about 120 by 130 meters in dimension and aligned to the cardinal directions. Like the other platform mounds within Tiwanaku, it has a central sunken court (The Subterranean Temple).</span> <span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">A monumental staircase through an opening in its eastern wall can reach the sunken court. </span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small"></span> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-LIwT8NdtgYc/UNjI6v1tfmI/AAAAAAAAERg/jt5ZujTMamU/s1600-h/image%25255B14%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9C6fjiNW3HE0xrLZwI2ZWLMBbuuqNtiDS6-5pMjO7MeH7guqOyjh1Hu-ohKswP3GucRY9XV8wvyObtOpBvCtnbRn59fI-T32KAbHlSmrUqm25lczmO2b3v2vW2bb9RaXChT9n-4SiOHal/?imgmax=800" width="566" height="357"></a></div> <div align="center"><span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small">Tiwanaku- Ashlar blocks</span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">The walls are composed of sandstone pillars that alternated with sections of smaller blocks of Ashlar masonry and incorporate tenon heads of many different styles. Ashlar blocks were cemented together by gravel and clay</span>.</div> <div align="justify"> </div> <div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPgNj77gJ9dtbhtrdB0WujnEEF7rcMWLg2O0ceJuGs2Nbik5vLsVGlJmcK1slSqKWG3JSMS3YmXdkxUMVbQSyFBDO6AP887Q_r9_nql9gv4tlPWOMb3ASS58tkzX0Dco4OCgSCXqYknPSh/s1600-h/image%25255B19%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-1ix428TlgCg/UNjJBmU2RzI/AAAAAAAAER4/nOiATL9J410/image_thumb%25255B11%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="307" height="504"></a></div> <div align="center"><span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small">Tiwanaku- Close-up of a Tenon head</span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">East of the main entrance to Kalasasaya Complex is the Templete Semisubterraneo, or the Semi-subterranean Temple (or Subterranean Temple). Some think this temple represents the Underworld, while Kalasasaya symbolizes the Earth. Made of red sandstone, the Subterranean Temple measures 26 meters by 28 meters in area and includes a rectangular sunken courtyard. Its walls are decorated with 175 intriguing sculptures of human faces. Some of the faces strongly resemble modern depictions of aliens, which naturally has led to some interesting speculations.</span></div> <div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrOiy0s5pR280MHMhPq-tTqtO1k8xhDlhg6-qf_UldWgjh4aUTq39meIDajiwUR-z5BJrsUNiUS3A2ZeSk-IFKu0jHdWQV7iC7KydeKNbw9AI-0mW4eGeck7uz_O5sRewaqrPEClM9E39P/s1600-h/image%25255B24%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQrlsElsNgFz-drFCWZKNNCGnp8jexgD_YtclzYAtjK9o67g_a4czu3GSAjLmGZi8acCFgM16ZYs1u6UhjOUc9QDlqAqvV-J9W28g3dh5Vyy_Vob8EoZXW2BmB41xYascENZwywM6B-gMZ/?imgmax=800" width="530" height="431"></a></div> <div align="center"><span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small">In the Museum in La Paz-The Subterranean Temple Collection</span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">Many theories for Tiwanaku's architecture construction have been proposed. One is that they used a measurement called a luk’a, which is a standard measurement of about sixty centimeters. Another argument is for the Pythagorean Ratio. This idea calls for right triangles at a ratio of five to four to three used in the gateways to measure all parts. Lastly, some argue that Tiwanaku had a system set for individual elements dependent on context and composition. This is shown in the construction of similar gateways ranging from diminutive to monumental size proving that scaling factors did not affect proportion. With each added element, the individual pieces shifted to fit together.</span></div> <div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small"></span> </div> <div align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hnq5D6HIXVY/UNjJQc6668I/AAAAAAAAESQ/PM6UtjF21aQ/s1600-h/image%25255B29%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2CKVz6HxronswnQWx2Txf43jFwrJsHp7V3ZraPzL790o-ZcARw_n-C6jayNcuRZcUlHkLjblcxFNZnYd8IpYrZnG9v1G4zq0c5d-TAYh6SdT7yU6cd-ZDmPyhknh6J8xMRKnn4L876bTZ/?imgmax=800" width="572" height="443"></a></div> <div align="center"><span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small">Tiwanaku, Kalasasaya Complex Entrance</span></div> <div align="justify"><br><span style="font-family: times new roman; color: #d3a938; font-size: small">The Kalasasaya Complex is a large courtyard over three hundred feet long, outlined by a high gateway. It is located to the north of the Akapana Pyramid and west of the Subterranean Temple. The walls of Subterranean Temple are covered with tenon heads of many different styles postulating that it was probably reused for different purposes over time. The largest stone block in the Kalasasaya Complex is estimated to weigh 26.95 metric tons.</span></div> <div align="center"> </div> <div style="text-align: center; clear: both" class="separator"> </div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-dkxqz4OzA7A/UNzNjkPyPMI/AAAAAAAAEXw/LlzHNDhZdqY/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520areaial%252520vew%252520of%252520Kass.Comp.%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku areaial vew of Kass.Comp." border="0" alt="Tiwanaku areaial vew of Kass.Comp." src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-jRtb9PcAsGk/UNzNkgZ_TSI/AAAAAAAAEX4/ydofNbffiVE/Tiwanaku%252520areaial%252520vew%252520of%252520Kass.Comp._thumb%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="568" height="545"></a></div> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Aerial View of the Kalasasaya Complex</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-16672276228377799382012-12-21T16:38:00.001-08:002012-12-21T16:38:02.703-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 7<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The primary objective for the archeological project is to understand how the site's ceremonial core grew over time. Since Tiwanaku has been terribly damaged over the centuries, such understanding is very difficult to achieve. Substantial damage occurred to the site both during the Pre-Columbian period, when buildings were modified and torn down to make room for new ones, or by the Inca, and after them the European invasion and people of Bolivia, during which about 90 percent of the site's stone constructions were destroyed to build their structures. That is the reason why the buildings of Tiwanaku look unfinished. Nevertheless, archeologists have achieved an idea of how Tiwanaku's monumental city grew. What we know is based partly on nearly a century of excavations.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cOn9RBsLHVM/UNUANI78glI/AAAAAAAAEJ4/b04A-pgrvM4/s1600-h/image%25255B8%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6c6e1iiZVB-xqql6Tm62aGsrzLrfcpxtPWTTBMc_BkYCLXQGazNstBvq51WhUuO9f-5JqTWkoIZTff5he5OIWRYND8wzam2rqZukkG-SSiCK_RLdX64Svsad9kBqCwGtUxht4QdI2KToD/?imgmax=800" width="568" height="422"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Excavation at Pumapunku pyramid refuse pit and feeding halls</font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1fOEnH6j12_FvctHr32-YxizAqeoVTSEqbe8YderqBqkqyW_aLP9peYOZ6RJtqGzTAfRzkiGZda6oWfTwd0_pujJQ0NRbKXZWVSRNZcYnlU4Q-i8vj3Y_kjh9f3Gwy9F2IVkGdJodNmHf/s1600-h/image%25255B13%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWcKh1IpPzLq5qq0E6zWptls1NsfoNs23TgwoYK62cBSbWDsaLSNQrOB1Fk6lr_zvmKIXKH5t_pFeRr4KFFI_2msIQF-hNEbclEYhS7qq9shDCyzd62DZCH4-W5MRPL6aV3LtOaHOghNXM/?imgmax=800" width="540" height="436"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku’s Earliest monuments</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The earliest monuments that survive from the period of approximately 300 B.C. to A.D. 200 are the semi-subterranean temple (background) and the Chunchukala Complex (foreground).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-ETJXqPE-0vc/UNUAZ7sLt_I/AAAAAAAAEKY/df-5NM7BoZk/s1600-h/image%25255B18%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheoV8zTTey6ebKFMXY6cTReizAvz2HoXYA1VRGaoHJBboe0VCwQcHR_K9s3C1Vu4DBfKU7BIGYhrIor_iOjpS0D_0lMnv2t7Isf2-HtNFFQFn3g3oZItnT5uwNcaXedljyrXVgIrMdgyi3/?imgmax=800" width="560" height="385"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku - Semi-subterranean Temple walls</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Most certainly there had been other ritual buildings that were long ago dismantled by the people of Tiwanaku themselves or buried under subsequent constructions and by those who came after them At this stage in time, Tiwanaku was probably an important local ceremonial site competing with other ceremonial sites in the Titicaca basin. The faces on the walls are called Tenon heads and are blocks of stone with carved heads on them. They represent either important leaders or the ancestors of the people of Tiwanaku.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Starting in about 200 A.D., they began construction on the Kalasasaya complex by building the Subterranean Temple first. After that the Kalasasaya Complex pillars were erected to serve as a solar observatory. The walls pictured below of the Kalasasaya, are almost all reconstruction. The original stones making up the Kalasasaya would have resembled a more "Stonehenge" like style, spaced evenly apart and standing straight up.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKSm6AptNJa0nwxAPpAOLp9BZTee_bAN_2F0z2ncrIvjbjAByX1D4xClZnSLRdUuGlr5eNDTjBG-dFPzMv9rqrJtA5Q_CseupCNKQQWb7UShwVgXMxV-1d17BrPWXBaI7Gj6Kp16x0Bv-E/s1600-h/image%25255B23%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ8laqndCMq1L6vFB5lGsFjdDQgAzBh-fS_ws4MW2s25H0i2JdnCrijxoxXj96odLvP0FoYpzyEkyJS_LR_f2Rng3FnfvIEJRZujKoiyWGQKcP686vIuVpwf50ovKaROQc56QON-F5uKmU/?imgmax=800" width="568" height="447"></a></p> <p align="left"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku- Modern walls of the Kalasasaya Complex (note the original pillars in the wall).</font></p> <p align="left"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Unfortunately, the parties that made the reconstructions decided to enclose the Kalasasaya Complex with a wall that they themselves built. Ironically enough, the reconstruction itself is actually much poorer quality stonework than the people of Tiwanaku would do. It should also be noted that the Gateway of the Sun that now stands in the Kalasasaya Complex is not in its original location, having been moved sometime earlier from its original location.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-s_bvWHSLBZ4/UNUArNP1RPI/AAAAAAAAEK4/BBxv4oPBOS4/s1600-h/image%25255B28%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp2A6Wms_amJ3gnavJtYOzfFbpn5aOQ-pU9bFlYupEtCQkk3-YQrOx_vcGwltuSXhRXjBcAt7kCs1Hj9k5FCYKO9cBryKU9IyNGTw2SkTDEkZJTwOnKjMPiiAJ5yeC8gI1Sn-JFW__Mpv8/?imgmax=800" width="573" height="455"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Kalasasaya Complex Solar Observatory as it should look </font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The original Kalasasaya Temple being an astronomical observatory may have looked more like this. A common source of data for archaeoastronomy is the study of alignments. This is based on the assumption that the axis of alignment of an archaeological site is meaningfully oriented towards an astronomical target. A common justification for the need for astronomical observatory is the need to develop an accurate calendar for agricultural purposes.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-gEQfMOII9RA/UNUAwEMvh3I/AAAAAAAAELI/XrwDBSaDW6k/s1600-h/image%25255B36%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDrkb6SIDTP08fMUbW_40pRJbqUAWEzFk5uRVlzuSoC64Sf_pQzmIqg9cQ47355pOoyipohwfN5l1NQtMPkKnusOAlv8kH2nXHswx4ivA6PGM_9LsDMLV5P-KHoMOiMaFJPqP45CIEtvV9/?imgmax=800" width="573" height="489"></a></p> <p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Kalasasaya Complex was used as a ceremonial center and for astronomical observations, allowing users to observe and define certain astronomical activities on any date of the 365-day year. On the spring and fall equinoxes (21 March and 21 September, respectively, for the southern hemisphere) the light of Sun shined through the main entrance gate. This indicates that the Tiwanaku civilization understood earth/sun cycles (a calendar) and astronomy well enough to incorporate them into their construction projects and activities The importance of zenith passages was very important to the people of the ancient world. For peoples living between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn there are two days of the year when the noon Sun passes directly overhead and casts no shadow. In parts of Mesoamerica this was considered a significant day as it would herald the arrival of rains, and so play a part in the cycle of agriculture.</font> </p> <p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhajVxx1loAx0aMzWSQDLU-Np7MML9vdPO8JjSKpgTi9diRuqgLbCRAmyW7KjFB4bOqFBjoi-HVxIN0chbwIUqJHuP0SEAQp3GRtarzl97KKJRKMLDs9EZR-DVeZqk0r4ffTrt_N2mk8gDS/s1600-h/image%25255B41%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-0zm8vqMmAnA/UNUA6W3CyXI/AAAAAAAAELg/AHa_WyJNStg/image_thumb%25255B25%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="575" height="446"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Stars in alignment above Tiwanaku</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Another motive for studying the sky is to understand and explain the universe. In these cultures, myth was a tool for achieving this and the explanations for life, while not reflecting the standards of modern science; these were cosmologies that became a part of their religion and their understanding of their world.</font><br></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"></font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-85982257999602194082012-12-19T21:29:00.001-08:002012-12-20T12:28:52.167-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 6<br />
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The tribes of the Aymara speaking people were probably organized in the following way: The Apu Mallku is an Aymara title meaning "supreme leader" or "king" was conferred on a Mallku or "prince" of a tribe among the Tiwanaku to be supreme leader. The Apu Mallku's mandate was to oversee a large network of Ayllus. He may have had a council made up people from the Ayllus to assist in the government. He may have ruled under the advice of a priest who was an Ancient Astronaut or had connections with them for instruction purposes. The Ayllus were the basic political and social units of pre-Inca Aymara life. They were essentially extended family groups but they could adopt non-related members, giving individual families more variation and security to the land that they farmed. They would often have their own huaca, or minor god, usually embodied in a physical object such as a mountain or rock (sometimes the body of an ancestor). A chief (called a Curaca) usually led them. The Ayllu were self-sustaining units and would educate their own offspring and farm or trade for all the food they ate. Their primary function was to solve subsistence issues, and issues of how to get along in family, and larger units. Each Ayllu owned a parcel of land, and the members had reciprocal obligations to each other. Therefore, the system of government had its roots based in agriculture.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYpLK87cYT2s9r-3CdqVATN3HCbrw98cC9Rtc4ABDd9LtEYMFPy6vabF3ji3ApQxfPN6JOstr0Ca2GUQlNRYBIiMPH53-3Zrl-GAq90DRVXmeYdTHFaetdR8WBAr8Jo9BH59SXEmTolXLh/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="755" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-28a1cqntMAY/UNKguY5AW5I/AAAAAAAAEGA/BZ-CPPNhXSk/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="426" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">A Tiwanaku Curaca Performing a New Year’s Rite</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">It is believed shortly before 500 B.C. the people of Tiwanaku began to make stone monoliths from rock. A monolith is a large stone, which is used to build a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDjZ0556lSWg2IRdD9wES37LK-xJPyZ7p1RLKwcnBagkG8tgBmEtF4REiLRIVuwps054DsHWt40zE0PrrRLCyUm8qWYi71dEhIOnin0en0XQtJgWlmqkgILeBQn4UWIp15ypLdzWGUbz20/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="654" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWj2C51JhtPGmI_hE2_FXr6Ksh16_GEThpYdFiUgRdVpdPoB31XaKXVuHd8cmdbGNImaztVrbRfFiewKZJ4uOdrZ_WXRt95b5aZVpctnZyd6dyAVgVr2uVfk-ERL9FfYnYBMEoBbp5KDBm/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="458" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">A Tiwanaku monolith statue</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">We must now go forward in time to understand what took place back at this time: After the decline of Tiwanaku other Aymara societies emerged, politically organized, the most important kingdoms were the Lupaqa and Qulla. The Incas were called without distinction by all Aymaristas the Qullas. All their territory together with the southernmost areas became the Qullasuyu. The Qulla were the ancestors of the Inca. They were descendants of the Aymara of Tiwanaku.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrXATpwaOyBKWftZMBqWgGeOHOhb9SosccTxT6gnZWzwLdcUIZF5Lbb2i_PULXpa_yuD11FPpttM-fQC1Gx0kQfzwzBSuwhCrHFInmf5I1KeeAG52nY6QhOF_tXG0-rSiVPCKIQdSS4OC/s1600-h/image%25255B15%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="439" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-oqzl7jbrMNw/UNKhDT8ZKKI/AAAAAAAAEGg/kqGuTH5S94s/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="552" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Viracocha above the Portal of the Sun at Tiwanaku</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Viracocha was the god of everything to the Tiwanaku. In the beginning, he was the main god, but in the time of the Inca Inti, the Sun god became his equal and separate. The Tiwanaku had a special place for the worship of the Sun god and the Moon god.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJz_MD10EumTPQgcCEiOOhlCZR1Hzdq3nkrhdNf5uC1dG4lisfAu1EvWAiyGkav8Y59V8lkcLphcZJE1ErKcl5pxf5Qm9fdBEeuo_LbcOL8vmVlp17NN4SYbVUPmVVE7tetlSgPEtH6O1a/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="471" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-Pkgw4niKAgE/UNKhPjDGRqI/AAAAAAAAEGw/_GdDRI1NFa4/image_thumb%25255B12%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="546" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">The Gate of the Moon at Tiwanaku</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Since Inti was the sun god. Inti was the source of warmth, light, and a protector of the people. Inti was considered the most important god by the Inca but not by the Tiwanaku. For the Tiwanaku Inti may have been the same person as Viracocha. Mama Quilla ("mother moon" or "golden mother") was a marriage, festival and moon goddess and daughter of Viracocha and Mama Cocha, as well as wife and sister of Inti. She was the mother of Manco Cápac, Pachacamac, Kon and Mama Ocllo. Mama Ocllo was the sister and wife of Manco Cápac. You will note all these gods were married to their sisters and brothers, and some may ask why? They may been the Ancient Astronauts themselves who as I said earlier were unable to reproduce like humans. They produced clones of themselves instead. To continue: Mama Ocllo was thought to have taught the Inca the art of spinning. The Inca probably multiplied the number of gods the Tiwanaku worshipped by adding some of their own to the list.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm8ACLK2BIGGOUo-mABb9FK0nVLTvm43hzhGWiixIXRTjbVfHxOwxX1uUIqb0XIgYxOVuHdhp2z_ORBZbNhcK20INXKBxIufjHIvzgn_8Znj0BZCd7ltfnvux3TQG2DBYgTOpdzrWZ_XiC/s1600-h/image%25255B25%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="619" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Zit37ZTpxas/UNKhbcco1vI/AAAAAAAAEHA/pI6UQnLdb2A/image_thumb%25255B15%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="445" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Pachamama daughter of Sun god at Tiwanaku</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Mama Pacha (aka Pachamama) was the wife of Pachacamac and a dragoness fertility deity who presided over planting and harvesting. She caused earthquakes. The Inca had four types of origin myths based on tradition they learned from their ancestors.</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">1. Con Tici (also spelled Kon Tiki) Viracocha (some spelling alternatives are Wiracocha, Apu Qun Tiqsi, and Wiraqutra) sent forth his four sons and four daughters to establish a village. Along the way, Sinchi Roca was born to Manco and Ocllo, and Sinchi Roca is the person who finally led them to the valley of Cuzco where they founded their new village. Manco became known as Manco Cápac the first Inca ruler.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8MRajPlUvZ2oyJUOnQi6kyCa3xH-E6J-Y_Bc5UIqySuMAfcgxKWHTpbT1UJDu7y6S3pKdzTlI8un4v6_PMmuycP_-hQd4ecodTVp1_N1yxAt6Zcb-4R4FTzyzDnDSw-1eoChOsy1sAvIm/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZkDsBYqVDxTWjLiJuDlhFna1xROwdlr0MLEkdvGHmMeM2Q-W2AeNifuxIvk30rfI4BlWyEiXZYSvBk9NOSOWAvwLZqSpB7VWk0OGOV6Ti1QkEwTqYcJu9uh8k7cwnr_mtPnT4IaXU2DcR/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="437" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Mama Ocllo</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">2. There were many myths about and Manco Capac coming to power. In one myth, Manco Cápac and his brother Pacha Kamaq (or Pachacamac) were sons of the sun god Inti/Viracocha and that is how they came to have power.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #d3a938;">3. In another myth, Manco Cápac was sent with Mama Ocllo (others even mention numerous siblings) to Lake Titicaca where they resurfaced and settled on the Isla Del Sol, in Bolivia. This story may have some truth to it. During 1987-92, Johan Reinhardt directed underwater archaeological investigations off the Island of the Sun (Isle Del Sol), recovering Inca and Tiwanaku offerings. These artifacts are currently on display in the site museum of the village of Challapampa. In 2000, the international scientific group Akakor Geographical Exploring launched the expedition “Atahualpa 2000”. They found ruins of what appeared to be a temple and a submerged road dating back 1,000 to 1,500 years, the ruins belong to the Tiwanaku culture. Their conclusion was that the temple exists but it is not a submerged city. Attempts to bring the ruins to surface have faced resistance from the local population who are superstitious about disturbing the waters of Lake Titicaca. This was more than likely an underwater Ancient Astronaut base, which may have looked something like this:</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-lIW2LuImVK4/UNKhowh8PwI/AAAAAAAAEHY/5S64Qm-BB7Y/s1600-h/image%25255B35%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="451" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZQ1Sv42IZ5xak_0c8oXFPtGDPY1xflW3fjEXmFx3vG073IvYZTle1ypBsVCN2Fc9ZxWFFFgWZbJeCCcHlyADb1FPZATpOIFqzcCTcEl7rjNZedRITX1LmJdZ8EN3R5JoiF0qnQYcf2r-Y/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="546" /></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #d3a938;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Ancient Astronaut underwater base near the Isle Del Sol in Lake Titicaca</span></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZPaRVgFnPpvOHWSq_uKLto6jNa9xWGIKpJw5W2_ctoYMatFGlsaUfqCcZTtXQfBmt8JxDCqbmxu4mkXrfR0m6YDvAS1NLGO_Ulkk46IcyV_Z6UMJ2yZn_k0rRsae6zIkQBeX_EN9s6Rv/s1600-h/image%25255B40%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="631" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBF1Cg8Co9UKxLd9Za1y5XVAeL-DCH0kulAMHYpkdBWrBhSorfOI6Us2L1uNZLKPwpVLwKKj76d8PtRBfEktj82RWvHUAy9mb83klr6fsGcZoJCu90WYfjJEW5ZF-eqDJvGLtHhp-fJVh2/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="464" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Manco Capac</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">4. According to another Inti/Viracocha legend, Manco Cápac and his siblings were sent to the earth by the sun god and emerged from the cave of Puma Orco at Pacaritambo carrying a golden staff called the ‘tapac-yauri’. They were instructed to create a Temple of the Sun in the spot where the staff sank into the earth to honor the sun god Inti, their father (This tradition may have arisen at the time of the construction of Machu Picchu). During the journey, one of Manco's brothers (Ayar Cachi) was tricked into returning to Puma Orco and sealed inside, because his reckless and cruel behavior angered the tribes that they were attempting to rule or instruct. Pacaritambo is a quasi-mythical place believed to have been flooded by Lake Titicaca.</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> This may be true in the sense that Manco Capac and some other officers under the orders of the Supreme Leader Viracocha surfaced in a UFO off the coast of the Isle of Del Sol in a public show of power to the people gathered there as witnesses. The witnesses of course were the ancestors of the leaders and nobles of Tiwanaku.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge9JA7X2Ny3pSbmTHQQ08DrnDN-zjM7b_R-GRbbeAziMOa1Fi82_QHKA9EDcGAGvI738NQnaiAmmQdLJgkqj0rxsho-EV8FMy9GRT-j0fG4zCtO6uNrTopPu4Dw-BykLzFGiSQPEURN4OV/s1600-h/image%25255B45%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="340" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_G5fEYAr82A/UNKh8r-RECI/AAAAAAAAEIA/BRjRVllmicA/image_thumb%25255B27%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="564" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">The Isle Del Sol and ruins</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The archeological evidence seems to indicate that the Inca were a relatively unimportant tribe until the time of Sinchi Roca, also called Cinchi Roca, who is the first figure in Inca mythology whose existence can be supported historically. Cusco was the aboriginal name of the city Qusqu. Although it was used in Quechua, its origin has been found in the Aymara language. The word itself originated in the phrase qusqu wanka ('Rock of the owl'). This concerned the foundational myth of the Ayar Siblings.</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5RLjuCJIxtdQoQZWH6jDfqfKlK4V3_CASGr_2mloPEKWEwyPX1FJXhx5PBu0AkYYjI_M2uLQQJ9evV48oy2wMYmcoyqGpLIWKVZN0spxMKCgwgpsFvS7NwYbWYzLU2DAj-T1QF8gdQExI/s1600-h/image%25255B50%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="327" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-HAPX8D5CjiQ/UNKh-WKfxyI/AAAAAAAAEIQ/f59-5PNtCFY/image_thumb%25255B30%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="334" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Sinchi Roca</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">From about 500 B.C.-200 A.D., the earliest monuments began to be built by the people of Tiwanaku. The quarries, from which the stone blocks used in the construction of structures at Tiwanaku, came from lie at significant distances from this site. The red sandstone used in this site's structures has been determined by petrographic analysis to come from a quarry 10 kilometers away—a remarkable distance considering that the largest of these stones weighs 131 metric tons. At first most of their stonework was made of red sandstone, but that would not be the only type of stone they would use.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7v98gB8hyphenhyphentMeFtHoSXNl2c0Thd13JyO37AT3eUWCdLdaEWCJlv8KYqdV1QWBQ2YTWCUkWDmje8A6yrokuAjGoqUcLN-i2DFCS4h34YknFy4j0RnCVQ4Ra6i_VTizmxGFhB0itO-wY15sS/s1600-h/image%25255B55%25255D.png"><img alt="image" border="0" height="343" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Lrxd683NtVg/UNKiJWLGB4I/AAAAAAAAEIg/xd_ByK7y_3U/image_thumb%25255B33%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="image" width="534" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #b64fbb; font-size: x-small;">Tiwanaku sandstone quarry</span></div>
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<span style="color: #d3a938; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This was the time when Tiwanaku is thought to have begun to be a place of important moral and cosmological power, a place made for pilgrimages.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-36847864918913803532012-12-18T18:20:00.001-08:002012-12-18T18:23:46.257-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku / Phase 5<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Present-day Aymara associate themselves with the civilization situated at Tiwanaku, in Western Bolivia. The capital city of Tiwanaku dates from as early as 1500 BC when it was a small agriculturally based village.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjoIskSf955U-DU1bUoytL3u0wm76nrJ7SyWULvWhLRbxHr6_-0xBPz7R2uoUZXgCfo8rdOxm_FnviADAwA_BXHPtXufYmaVDsnDZh-U8A11869daJs0fc27NLHn_-6XkgkQsN6ZVpJ-M/s1600-h/image%25255B5%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-WFqrQO4rAmw/UNEjdo5sf5I/AAAAAAAAECI/qhBBoKJms5w/image_thumb%25255B3%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="487" height="425"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Remains of the village of Tiwanaku</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Finds from the Advent of Tiwanaku civilization to mid-5th-century BC., include multicolored pottery and human or animal effigies made of painted clay or pottery</font>. </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-2_kRRX8zbP8/UNEjhFlzvQI/AAAAAAAAECQ/09yJThYc_tQ/s1600-h/image%25255B10%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-n8DjNHZHRzs/UNEjjxBkuRI/AAAAAAAAECY/xQ5bjsOD4zw/image_thumb%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="544" height="437"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Early Aymara animal head ritual bowl</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The earliest ceramics were "coarsely polished, deeply incised brown ware and a burnished polychrome incised ware". Later the Qeya style became popular during the Tiwanaku III phase "Typified by vessels of a soft, light brown ceramic paste". These ceramics included libation bowls and bulbous bottom vases. Multicolored and human animal effigies were made on pottery. Artifacts include ceramic vessels with horizontal handles.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-JLINhY6FqCM/UNEjlqppPpI/AAAAAAAAECg/rB56VZIMB3M/s1600-h/image%25255B15%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-tql6wYPMt98/UNEjovzexlI/AAAAAAAAECo/q61VMDB7bk8/image_thumb%25255B9%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="427" height="533"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Jar with handle</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">During the 1st century A.D., Tiwanaku expanded rapidly from a small town. This may be attributable to the introduction of copper metallurgy, to the consequent availability of superior tools and implements and to the creation of irrigation systems. The wealthy upper class, which also controlled the profitable trade in wool from the vast herds of domesticated alpaca in the region, provided the finance for the creation of large public buildings in stone and paved roads linking Tiwanaku with other settlements in the region. The marshy tracts on the lakeside, where the climatic conditions were more favorable, were brought into cultivation by the creation of terraced raised fields. After 100 AD, Tiwanaku began to expand from a small town.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9o3BTqouCnYMoJtvr67QkbY84nIFxGaC0ujk5Ctw2ZNXYs7u8fU5zBlKh7uWBg3aImGHQRb3n8uD4Hmc-P8j6BSX8djpUMp4KI06MG6PDEklSsg6hYSuBhvgab8UdlCEFgzKm3r-RbPq7/s1600-h/image%25255B20%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzP3KhbvmD3N7fVXtInasmGQhiTvTFBbfJI40-OhdWHvosBVHFjREkz26Eyo4QjJl5veR4TS-P4lTUmiCHxwZCYHfe2Q1koK8pNQRFnFwBPh1kfd-nkfIuZcHT3WJmkk0JWlya4hCjy4J/?imgmax=800" width="434" height="687"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Statue Pottery</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">From 1-300 AD tricolor pottery were made with geometric designs. Pottery includes human heads and faces.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ao0p2pg83c0/UNEjyj3ae7I/AAAAAAAAEDA/Xnv6MXSti6c/s1600-h/image%25255B25%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCFzPmYfxeZNmPZWRYb224K-n30Lfc0EA1_yXuYIHqUOcFY3fSRp_kJKpgH3R9xtnfj1mTHjW0pEwF3H5zRfPd_LNCueGgxPzu0cAq4IjH-P3VevF7Q4U5JjVghgUHod9V9g-ueJ8YX8bp/?imgmax=800" width="548" height="416"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Gold Human Effigy Pendent</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The use of bronze and gold indicates trade contacts. Pottery includes human heads and faces with bulging cheeks, indicating that coca leaf was in use by this time.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSSBF3SK8jQUzElTSGTOm3kHY6d8g5TJ18R5sQDQxJtXBagmWIJFsxCoRlNuQGdVikOB22TTH_skKNXDIpwr8OOCFnVhaF4Oi07Onjj1lnbRM_x0Qh2_AK80K8x0N9FVatxr3XMxpuPII/s1600-h/image%25255B30%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-_dVsQCZq2aM/UNEj7ZbyVQI/AAAAAAAAEDY/NfZs-IRzGVA/image_thumb%25255B18%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="560" height="417"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Hat with animal designs</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Ceramics and textiles were also present in their art, composed of bright colors and stepped patterns. An important ceramic artifact is the kero, a drinking cup that was ritually smashed after ceremonies and placed in burials.</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-7kccYL2KBUA/UNEkAY04q1I/AAAAAAAAEDg/CjvZZruYorY/s1600-h/image%25255B35%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzU-lgkPayv77GU77fij97T98Wep-wfQZ0EB-t0fcphkJacTriK3g9PK8TGmw6ZglRAKefSgC39x-o66CfgQhEU6GjBTqPpBoInc3aYLQezwvpmEOlCA-xmzoES4x5mNSlnbqVS7HK4V5f/?imgmax=800" width="494" height="634"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">A Kero cup in the form of a Puma</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Examples of textiles are tapestries and tunics. The objects typically depicted herders, effigies, trophy heads, sacrificial victims, and felines. The key to spreading religion and influence from the main site to the satellite centers was through small portable objects that held ritual religious meaning.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kaUqE4tIIUAo5ABIUu3m0VTJptD1zCiWv-HEGiegZfxmfKUeCdWBTjeG-nk1XNKH2g3LQpwx5wdMTnK1BMs0Zg5LW5fJw7Mg79jfkuixJTfaGkhsgjsNmBNvy03aGSNLl458l1fncYhL/s1600-h/image%25255B41%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-7JIbKoy5Epo/UNEkUGiMg8I/AAAAAAAAED4/ijhUWvHdu-I/image_thumb%25255B25%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="372" height="646"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Snuff Tablet</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">These objects were created in wood, engraved bone, and cloth. Depicted were puma and jaguar effigies, incense burners, carved wooden hallucinogenic snuff tablets, and human portrait vessels</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzBCSLu5IGq4oLcVhEIbJT1_Ij88mH4jAQQga6dyunJhfp0WfQsdfHZKKDOwrubL1J4SgF1wPcO-JcHL-YN8viLyfv-I7CjdsuCRupySCwjxyOyfNJBhpMfH27xsyo_obrM4MgSm4JBmwF/s1600-h/image%25255B47%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-rVrtrZkXr80/UNEkYgFtZNI/AAAAAAAAEEI/KpCMSFFnonE/image_thumb%25255B29%25255D.png?imgmax=800" width="538" height="611"></a><br></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Incense Burner in the form of a Condor</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Towards 700 A.D. Ceramic artifacts were made depicting imagery of warriors, masked with puma skulls, decapitating their enemies and holding trophy skulls.</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-32297401474784724562012-12-16T20:43:00.001-08:002012-12-16T20:43:41.110-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku/ Phase 4<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The prehistoric location of Tiwanaku is located near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca near the border between Bolivia and Peru. In 1945, Arthur Posnansky estimated that Tiwanaku dated to 15,000 BP as a powerful empire using archaeoastronomical techniques. Later, because of the reevaluation of the techniques that Posnansky used to estimate the age of Tiwanaku, expert archaeoastronomical archaeologists concluded that they were invalid as they were a "poor example of misused archaeoastronomical evidence." Nevertheless, people were living in the area at this time but not in the sense of a powerful empire.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDT-HlyqVmbivv3jsmfE_gmplOhXkv9zelnfBFfmC5PmtKU8XQSnvaPF5c5ERC5gsUiq96NVW1gHWHeA1gCoBZBKmkzenfeUoIL8WNBV1x0X1s3T3jI5tEepBLXY0OQGwfpfiEoB8Ny6zM/s1600-h/image%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrFT9OXUtXYombyxm-uvlP-k3OXYxsA4ILzwGz8EE2SYmNXzQJmJn_qrPQVWNAl48MOigOUO1Aj9cYex3abgYiHUCaPlixPkNKPsslH5rTomCi1i2ZbjyFetEVb-TJ7iqMJB1dl-7IbaAO/?imgmax=800" width="564" height="403"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku ancient village Hut</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The early Chirpa mound on the shore of Lake Titicaca dates from 1500-1200 BC. There the first organized construction of stone structures appeared on the Taraco peninsula on Lake Titicaca. The area around Tiwanaku may have been inhabited as early as 1500 BC as a small agriculturally based village. According to most Tiwanaku began as a small settlement, in what is known as its 'village period', around 1200 BC. It was self-sufficient, with a non-irrigated form of farming based on frost-resistant crops, essential at this high altitude, producing tubers such as potatoes, and cereals, notably quinoa.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHuISHaxdBCyhyphenhyphenydc6J2oZZdb2MXXkh8a7X9Lb0IqTgGaF_CpR74569rAMwFGiFlRlcUjZHbPbe30xT-LfetBOcTXz4rBIj9hu5egAo4tm7TEPyi4FA9cp3DYQY_Fv3sxN24QvEYPc0GHm/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Quinua%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Quinua" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Quinua" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd4W3onwwr6RfdNC-oA-a43beRmlyBwFiaaARY8LW3VexNGnTuIMUNF5IDQaT9IvDXvvRXW_HrdmfNQ9HYSCVs5P3zWfvXXXqvKQwjj2MlteS43t1D9d0r8SNfQf7SJ-1JYWoq8D4ktxYj/?imgmax=800" width="577" height="424"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Quinoa</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Quinoa is a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds. It is a pseudo cereal rather than a true cereal, or grain, as it is not a member of the true grass family. As a chenopod, quinoa is closely related to species such as beets, spinach, and tumbleweeds. In more sheltered locations near Lake Titicaca, maize and peaches were also cultivated.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSDXH80UaTC9j54DeHjyAll33cT7f9b0PX03-V4jVfd417AK-4_YQZQx4IaEWjzIhMrz4VaAO7RWeFgBOphRHHRn1uqOgJqawWLMlDTyyDLgk3Q4iEdFqmROEHEQP4w97pYCbcKeDUyAsg/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520maize%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku maize" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku maize" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-lSJF6HtaT2E/UM6iobDBKiI/AAAAAAAAD-8/nuzD1EI5pxM/Tiwanaku%252520maize_thumb%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="390" height="578"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Maize</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Beginning about 2500 BC, the maize crop spread through much of the Americas. Maize known in many English-speaking countries as corn is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears that contain seeds called kernels. Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking and as a vegetable or starch. Maize breeding in prehistory resulted in large plants producing large ears.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTNOLvJ8J6Kwa7Biwe1OOPEAl4f7qagWS-N6pcf2uw0HgXncU6mRv-20zm3vNtJMcKY8-Q69yaWCscT9kyyqBr12gpUCoEuddM6cwNnBinxZVygvM88ovdl89Gs3k1EfViEfw-HTHlHdq/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Altiplano%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Altiplano" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Altiplano" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEhK1Kx-k0AjsctxW7-A7hFJ6fI8whx12cbt9BZHV6ZXOfPuvhWntNucmWczxg08LZPMVR0ffCb2h6jM52jHf1n3CTd5UROPgmhQgTjVTS0pR-JuJohKBW1bttHB3hBH74HUSQxIgZ5UHe/?imgmax=800" width="572" height="433"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Tiwanaku Altiplano</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The high altitude of the Titicaca Basin required the development of a distinctive farming technique known as "flooded-raised field" agriculture (suka kollus). This method of farming developed during the early village period around 850-600 B.C. This also indicates a community expansion from the original village.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqdBD1fFPM7W1q0YzYjgB_kOCWFe23B88fcxIIS0mrQZzo3VHylk_49U4_1Hx0OFCqE-sVeIdBnme68UL3zctwuiJEeV4GCgDQsBsIyvXVfYWmvFxwH4wZFWt3HlX7aJbgxJamuZTMJjqd/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520farmland%252520from%252520abobe%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku farmland from abobe" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku farmland from abobe" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHCkWDAbFCcBz-_t2slFTmCkMb7nXmTeXn8Vky3XXB9nsEFSHQyxCiiTd3sT9oCse8v6-z5UpUg4YrMuOR98-eHPUTTseZiDx-VqiqJNZtc2uiEeHdthPRrm0DJLAQE2KjTH1RBGFxnHen/?imgmax=800" width="576" height="460"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Fossilized Tiwanaku Farmland from the Above (Suka kollas)</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">They comprised a significant percentage of the agriculture in the region, along with irrigated fields, pasture, terraced fields and qochas (artificial ponds) farming. Shallow canals filled with water separated artificially raised planting mounds. The canals supplied moisture for growing crops, but they also absorbed heat from solar radiation during the day.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhts4yiPZDYagDajBJ5DrQ6UsSZkM1tItHZU6pJ7ItJTwEWeWW0ch4z0F3TmdvjVm69AzZtE5iMDzEOuJCDD5U_LlE57MqfAJPDW8RElMy0el7ZoFXw-vGH5F1pRnX3iZ1UKtqY4HK_xJFq/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520preraised%252520fields%2525202%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku preraised fields 2" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku preraised fields 2" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Ze_OcDc7sCY/UM6ivtuZotI/AAAAAAAAD_s/9lZ0R75SYLI/Tiwanaku%252520preraised%252520fields%2525202_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="561" height="385"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku flooded pre-raised fields</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3">The natural setting determined ancient life, more so than it is of modern life. The relationships of topography and climate, of landscape diversity and the unequal distribution of natural resources, and the variation in the productivity of the environment and its distinct ecological zones, all these factors impact human interaction with the landscape, effect settlement patterns and, ultimately, play a role, albeit debated, in determining the relationships of cultures and the environment. The structure and spatial organization of the environment in the Andes is a mosaic of numerous ecological zones. The largest body of water in the South American highlands, Lake Titicaca, is formed where the two mountain chains of the Andes are furthest apart. This largest drainage basin in South America, known as the Altiplano, spans 800 km from north to south and between 120 and 160 km. from east to west.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-05BDy7bgDZ4/UM6iwR6BuTI/AAAAAAAAD_0/mFri9QCtc-U/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520in%252520rainy%252520season%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku in rainy season" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku in rainy season" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcXIkeMfyqXwfaA8ixQeHbrWQk1tlm_iCJfQqqrqUGKOoga5juic8AzQneq0VZyKr0Q9-R-myMGbvKcaHOF6I5ftREmD64c9zvsSYJZGlIhdgFZmfj50yCVed4aY91oFszEMHJsolNt9UH/?imgmax=800" width="566" height="418"></font></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku in the rainy season</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Rainfall is seasonal, with around 700 mm. of average rainfall in the area around the lake. The region is subject to prolonged and severe droughts and seasons of disastrous heavy rains.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-PPZLyVQnax4/UM6ix5A4s5I/AAAAAAAAEAE/bWynPvaNnWo/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520in%252520dry%252520season%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku in dry season" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku in dry season" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNuhxbwytvMSCpnIRzB8PdakGmU59dChdft9aACr6a-qv72VX-lBEPcKHp-HE11du7578j67OzHHQBv3BzhX4hBnvIa1V0tDrI0SkslfsU5de5gOdhYMWz9EDMZ7bmiic35OmAg1_Sb9ZK/?imgmax=800" width="574" height="385"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku in the dry season</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Hail and winds also affect crops. In the Titicaca basin, natural resource distribution is very much a function of altitude. Humans exploited the Altiplano after the Pleistocene (10,000 B.C.). </font><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Tiwanaku's location between the lake and dry highlands provided key resources of fish, wild birds, plants, and herding grounds for camelidae, particularly llamas.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xbUakPcdCxFLN9nt58WCnPJu1gVehZ-2ef5kk7AaOLed8b6b283UQ0oBH47w5mXkHrEuzP4TIRgt4dfkwdh8Wxs6yfE20XiGRg7VD2OPpKI-zGrJH-ynTX7M4pRR-10pttWUbZW_ALRU/s1600-h/image%25255B9%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="image" border="0" alt="image" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk_R34k88BiQMSVlCi9pgJAB8SRQtTety2PL2cHcGqgbXUKfU8Acuj4gIRpolbGCW6FNlfSqa6w7-8pb9nmgGmrrY-utpprx0-EJxehkRcjrB2P7QKXLQtVb9rHvOujp-0lU7Z4TKYLjw8/?imgmax=800" width="564" height="448"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku llama</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Titicaca Basin is the most productive environment in the area with predictable and abundant rainfall, which the Tiwanaku culture learned to harness and use in their farming. As one goes further east, the Altiplano is an area of very dry arid land.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_JVzR7Q9oMeDtgHJUPqW7pI9wYm3d4fk5TgtwppYejJLC46P5l6Rxumtz7ykC86vWD5FEKQX-wShw_y8o9oEGDU_vIqJh6yfgetFIcjVplw8ujom-On0VWYGRNWj5hlKXPAC0wkKGUJ-/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520alpaca%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku alpaca" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku alpaca" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4kTIpFLSow9VRs1qqghr05F6WawFi_3NSVHWeAT8Qz-KVq4Xtq5suj4PcsOsYFsYhvT70gdQzRkOKQw6hSwD6v6UtHRvY5oFwQ27R50vUhzBnJZeo1eHeD_o-wvW8RpZ3CcxScizqFhv_/?imgmax=800" width="495" height="596"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku alpaca</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in appearance. Exploitation of the diverse ecological zones and resources diminished risk for humans, and a mixed pastoral-agricultural-and a lakeshore economic base developed. Llamas and alpacas were domesticated by about 7000 B.C. These camelids graze on the higher elevations, allowing exploitation of areas unfit for agriculture. Agriculture is only feasible in the lowest elevations of the basin.</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-51892548301230604972012-12-14T19:21:00.001-08:002012-12-14T19:21:13.093-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku/Phase 3<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Cordillera Occidental is a chain of dormant volcanoes and solfataras, volcanic vents emitting sulfurous gases. Bolivia's highest peak, the snowcapped Nevado Sajama (6,542 m), is located here. The entire cordillera is of volcanic origin and an extension of the volcanic region found in southern Peru. Most of the northern part of this range has an elevation of about 4,000 meters; the southern part is somewhat lower. The Illimani Mountain- Illimani (from Aymara, meaning "golden eagle" is the highest mountain in the Cordillera Real (part of the Cordillera Oriental, a sub range of the Andes) of western Bolivia. Their name means 'Sun of the Illimani' in Aymara.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG2foUUvHPVTB3wM11REpemfRjstLp1mseSwIs5E4qWHQXo9rrVeMP_Mfk8KtbBnmCs9Dd-pDr2Av2uQ3kxN8YICaW4hHk6ukmsLfVuUgrF8mkC2pKgiZ2ZJuZnIvXYIezMpitU5BQ_iEA/s1600-h/Bolivia_illimani%252520Mountain%25255B4%25255D.png"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Bolivia_illimani Mountain" border="0" alt="Bolivia_illimani Mountain" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2JWgORwKEcDcNlExUXr5xj1_LzbnUc2kWn2TVyWJAtptVa7vGmEPg2bVNsr-9o3VVzS8aGhw-1d8p2dxqYw2wAhPx-YrtqBadK8fir_htbDUyMrGZiWD1EouWbPM-GpA46WE2IVd_qubM/?imgmax=800" width="542" height="353"></a> <font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Illimani Mountain</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Although Rainfall, is scanty everywhere it is greater in the northern half where the land is covered with scrub vegetation. The southern area receives almost no precipitation, and the landscape consists mostly of barren rocks. The entire Cordillera Occidental region is sparsely populated, and the south is virtually uninhabited, except for the Body Clack.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-hh0XHPukE9Y/UMvslVRL7JI/AAAAAAAAD8o/m03NUM60GXQ/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Nevado%252520Illimani%2525202%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Nevado Illimani 2" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Nevado Illimani 2" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUlm8gv8ZIlqoMNylM9bSteG6VupbL9QAq0hXdoBr_RTkJLKPLzb1gk9hGWwGqn8fJzUetBw4mj49Mzg9Zj8cNstAoO6Mw91x8vcoCn93fGFC6l5zhZrO6Zv_yQDO3kO2qJR2yBGzp9mkJ/?imgmax=800" width="541" height="385"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">The Nevado Illimani as seen from Pumapunku</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">At Pumapunku, The upper platform rooms face east, towards Nevado Illimani, visible above the ridge from this mound. It was believed that the Illimani Mountain is where the realm of the dead was located. The mountain is located to the southeast of Tiwanaku, on the other side of the modern La Paz.<br>The ancient tribe of the Chasa, another race or tribe thought by most to be mythical, and some proclaim the name actually comes from Chasa the word for Pàchacambo (meaning birthing place of the gods Chaca). They may have been witnesses to the Ancient Astronauts arrival. We can say this had to happen before 2000 B.C. before the time of the Aymara and the oral tradition of events that transpired were passed down to them. According to Aymara tradition, it was said Viracocha came from the sea. However, that may mean not mean from the sea itself but from the direction where the sea was located, that is to the west and in a spacecraft.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ7qfUWPRBPo7HNPpBxgFnM-7Lox7kjp6CSs1Ap64o8CBS-48BgRHFpWMaROaN7Hks0QmUUaG7enI7bykm0obfkT80KgrAv1GXneUKQ-WNw2hnzWjW5_PJODqPQKzo3t3q3-qDOPJFlXA1/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520bolivia%252520geographcal%252520map%2525202%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku bolivia geographcal map 2" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku bolivia geographcal map 2" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-qx9ftKzZmDc/UMvspIYvhlI/AAAAAAAAD9E/e0yGGO3egJQ/Tiwanaku%252520bolivia%252520geographcal%252520map%2525202_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="552" height="465"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Bolivia Geophysical Map</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Chasa may be so early in history that no records survive other than oral legends. The Ancient Astronauts could have built a colony anywhere in the rain forests of South America 3 or 4 million years ago or later. Their clones would have escaped from the colony in revolt, headed west, and mixed with those humans coming south ca. 16,000 B.C. So any archeological timeline about humans arriving in that area would be rendered invalid. Even if traces of such a colony or base were discovered no scientist or government would openly admit to its existence. Alternatively, the Ancient Astronauts could have dismantled the colony or base to move elsewhere leaving little or no evidence behind.</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-78684177581991917712012-12-11T19:21:00.001-08:002012-12-11T19:21:49.661-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku/Phase 2<p> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">It is likely that with time the Ancient Astronauts realized in order to teach as well as make their creations self-sufficient that they would have to make hidden bases on this world. Since they unlike their human creations could not reproduce, their populations remained small. Their form or reproduction was through cloning of themselves, but only small groups stayed loyal to the original design. In addition, they saw that given certain circumstances humans could threaten their own lives if given the opportunity. Thus as they set out to start humans on their way to civilization they chose to take on the personas of gods. This is probably what happened in this case. Some ancient cults are believed to have been started by ET visits. The use of the terms ET and Ancient Astronaut are interchangeable as they mean the same thing in this story. One of the most important gods of the Tiwanaku was the god Viracocha the god of action, shaper of many worlds, and destroyer of many worlds.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQqPUmXBdiENF0mAXZHyVDoUfJ4DUvJjcgzPkSMJ5N4vwMACaeSBNF0mU_e7SGyVL6uNU737-X7f-A0cz33q_b6fNTwXuVp5n0hG2UZJ_5Uh7QKhCU-6P8llEjGeAMBOzintDwROucna2B/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520virachocha-statues%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku virachocha-statues" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku virachocha-statues" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgpU8xdmvp9pHJVByGPtG6XDmcTpdoYOBZC2gCvcrmg9vG1LUfKqbxtbGZSvt9vXKlcjdNjmOS1gEpX_m0GQqu3AD77HWXYVQKMZ5LoRZ0FgyAEcI0WPSf2NW5gyUNbaUAg1ttPSk1csvX/?imgmax=800" width="561" height="445"></a></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font color="#b64fbb">Statues of Viracoch</font><font color="#b64fbb">a at Tiwanaku</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">The Inca, who later ruled the region, believed that Tiwanaku was built not by an earlier civilization, but by the god Viracocha himself. For the Inca, Tiwanaku was the place where the first humans were created and the capital from which Viracocha reigned over his civilization. However, he ruled in reality as the Supreme Leader of the Ancient Astronaut base in that area. The Inca or people of Tiwanaku would have considered anyone who possessed the power of futuristic technology a god. Cuzco the Inca capitol is said to have been founded by messengers of the Sun god. Select people in these civilizations could be the apprentices of the Sun god or the Ancient Astronauts themselves made to look like the local population. Inca tradition said the Ancient Astronauts were light skinned and bearded with auburn hair.</font> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-nvOTIv2O2sA/UMf4INAKEDI/AAAAAAAAD2I/MtsGLf2QZBY/s1600-h/Supreme%2525207%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Supreme 7" border="0" alt="Supreme 7" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-810SQXsuzpENGzqBtcZy1ChDK3fPooO65UEQ3xxHuNrfgM86_PFK5lcadSRtf4EFDlQVl5tjQfb4qycZ-gh_j7PCg1wB2U3jZyWuCG0B9CQ7bOgoT8HnMJfgdlnSLMY6ypOJ6mDv9Wbp/?imgmax=800" width="334" height="420"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"> Supreme Leader Viracocha</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">They believed Viracocha created people, with two servants, on a great piece of rock. Then he drew sections on the rock and sent his servants to name the tribes in those areas. Therefore, it appears there were Ancient Astronaut expeditions going into the area to instruct the people.</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">The geography of Bolivia is unique among the nations of South America. Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries on the continent, and Bolivia is more rural than urban. The main features of Bolivia's geography include the Altiplano (or high plains), a highland plateau of the Andes and Lake Titicaca (Lago Titicaca), the largest lake in South America and the highest commercially navigable lake on Earth (which it shares with Peru).</font></p> <p align="justify"> </p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQD-fzFRvP-c1_rp_W_aR3v6c0f-c6Bzi_KFdyVqn9fVUlJI35EK-kKbhkWp8FAtTlmdNhb2Y4P0gOCcd0pSB-cjqaXOtmpl-hT4_x0_jqF4Qcb-1cXB820cbBEVEX6BOimRri4mMZ3vt4/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Altiplano%252520panarama%25255B8%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Altiplano panarama" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Altiplano panarama" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3AeMMpirMz0vX6TXswKx4ZV1u8jFXzfp1PWTPsI4Z8dddNLBwoxVXkDsJq1u-5Q8MTVw7VgVes7508rhCj5GHIjVOivGjz6HNHYqH5IBxIvGf8Cg_zGfP7wgmI-VHZWAtCJWpIsaz01Gz/?imgmax=800" width="556" height="179"></a> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Tiwanaku Altiplano Panorama.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Nestled in a Bolivian highland valley 13,000 feet above sea level, the broad altiplano of Tiwanaku is defined on three sides by mountain ranges and on the fourth by Lake Titicaca.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhINN3sqYQCZPvT-D-Di2gLBCnQ2UZIjPw_JUUH_86RzmjDP4n3kaG1gIJDWDR_x3dX5ohR4aYXtOkdLi2lvcT2CNeCHyP5ljv8vLQuegv5HDEk7AF45pIgG5ooqZUGlZTzgwObEZuSN7UG/s1600-h/Modern%252520Bolivia%25255B6%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Modern Bolivia" border="0" alt="Modern Bolivia" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmPfiRb_I9IQGSDkTn1MXLCW1UFgoOh2WITzsyxxvecjGXGd3PhFeO3eWiB9u_59vj6STM1Zn3vkey3-4UPImkh1jx80ARH-8ONiuoXjIA-Mqw9tRAYnTZfDvWv3_k_Mka8LwDs8xbcKj/?imgmax=800" width="558" height="672"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Map of Modern Bolivia</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font color="#d3a938">The most prominent feature of the Altiplano is the large lake at its northern end, Lake Titicaca. At 3,810 m (12,500 ft) above sea level, it is the highest commercially navigable body of water in the world. With a surface area of 9,064 km2 (3,500 sq. mi), it is larger than Puerto Rico and is South America's largest lake. </font><font color="#d3a938"> At 810 m (12,500 ft) above sea level, it is the highest commercially navigable body of water in the world. </font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCd6CTxhmE1nRzH7nWJmdj67DQM3cX6aOKNcXKNhsMehDOsWKcpSawZRqZFaxlxiApSWhOYOJE4qSd3Y338t4yOXVj1P7cBTdql5TZq5HApSvG5MpgU_FAMuc9vnP3edQEaDxLoplEM3Lx/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520detail%252520map%252520of%252520lake%252520area%25255B4%25255D.gif"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku detail map of lake area" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku detail map of lake area" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf-7GrjRjmG2qd-ZgMafjz6FF-B0Wy10rcZpZMIkU5_vru-GStLr_HHLwbuPUj9YWWW-ZRxedn5uLE0P34ME5cBGCvemoaVMVKLkgq9kM1RaPcDXgUCLdE8ZEb3dlwe8AHGG_br81nWnHL/?imgmax=800" width="557" height="453"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Detail map of Lake Titicaca area</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Five major river systems feed into Lake Titicaca. In order of their relative flow volumes, these are Ramis, Coata, Ilave, Huancané, and Suchez. More than 20 other smaller streams empty into Titicaca, and the lake has 41 islands, some of which are densely populated. The lake is composed of two nearly separate sub-basins that are connected by the Strait of Tiquina, which is 800 m (2,620 ft) across at the narrowest point. The larger sub-basin, Lago Grande (also called Lago Chucuito) has a mean depth of 135 m (443 ft) and a maximum depth of 284 m (932 ft). The smaller sub-basin, Wiñaymarka (also called Lago Pequeño, "little lake") has a mean depth of 9 m (30 ft) and a maximum depth of 40 m (131 ft). The overall average depth of the lake is 107 m (351 ft).</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-M4nBeVllEYA/UMf4RxjfaVI/AAAAAAAAD3I/9pbs7DYN0zc/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520lake%252520titicaca%252520rotated%2525201%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku lake titicaca rotated 1" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku lake titicaca rotated 1" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-3Eoeh44COn8/UMf4TIJqjwI/AAAAAAAAD3Q/OcM--cTT8NI/Tiwanaku%252520lake%252520titicaca%252520rotated%2525201_thumb%25255B1%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="565" height="520"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2">Photo of Lake Titicaca from space</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Times New Roman">Having only a single season of free circulation, the lake is monomictic, (monomictic lakes are holomictic lakes that mix from top to bottom during one mixing period each year). Water passes through Lago Huiñaimarca and flows out a single outlet into the Desaguadero River, which then flows south through Bolivia to Lake Poopó. This only accounts for about 10% of the lake's water balance. Evapotranspiration, (the process of transferring moisture from the earth to the atmosphere by evaporation of water and transpiration from plants) caused by strong winds and intense sunlight at altitude, balances the remaining 90% of the water output. It is nearly a closed lake.</font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-25453027235386329262012-12-09T19:25:00.001-08:002012-12-09T19:31:37.283-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku Phase 1<p> </p> <p><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-g-X1IfKmx_g/UMVWI63Y2JI/AAAAAAAADzk/Znt8L6zvlfg/s1600-h/Statue%252520near%252520the%252520entrance%252520to%252520Kalasaya%252520Temple.%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Statue near the entrance to Kalasaya Temple." border="0" alt="Statue near the entrance to Kalasaya Temple." src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPRoCZ0Vsj_m4FpIaRd_NMC_Ih8Zrwz86boEMzoIPJI56wSIGw62oAhsgT8Zfd6_gnogD3t_nrq4LWfrDudQV_dYZmRBsXCdzB6Z7mJmMJ0UIPeigX9g_aarZKpO_IzOLaJxwsIT-d-feO/?imgmax=800" width="530" height="374"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#967be3" size="2" face="Georgia">Statue at Tiwanaku site</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3"><font face="Georgia">Human history starts about 16,000 years ago in South America, when humans began to come down through Central America and entered into the continent of South America. The history of the Aymara has been characterized by shifting pressures from dominant groups. They probably appeared on the scene around 2000 B.C in the Tiwanaku area. Prior to their conquest by the Inca around 1430 A.D., the Aymara are thought to have been organized into a series of independent states or sub tribes, which were probably also dialect groups. By "Aymara", I mean all individuals who were native speakers and not Aymara people and groups who make claim to self-identification as Aymara. The Aymara ethnic subgroup and mutually exclusive Aymara language cannot be considered exclusive to any ethnic subgroup. This is because different ethnic subgroups such as Qullas, Lupaqas, Qanchis, Carangas Lucanas Chocorvos, Chichas, etc. spoke Aymara since pre-Incan times until post-Inca times. Geographically these groups were settled in different parts of the present departments of Lima, Ica, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Apurimac, Cuzco and Puno in Peru, and in the zones of Cochabamba and Potosí locations of Bolivia, today, speaking Quechua, which is the most commonly used indigenous language today in that area. The actual language of Tiwanaku is believed to be no longer extant. However, I think it was related to Aymara language as indicated</font> below:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-RvG6z0nO4HE/UMVWKPegEGI/AAAAAAAADz0/XcwUZY-NXeg/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Aymara%252520family%252520tree%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Aymara family tree" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Aymara family tree" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-eoQXEO715BM/UMVWLUocFBI/AAAAAAAADz8/dG70ShCMgQk/Tiwanaku%252520Aymara%252520family%252520tree_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" width="542" height="397"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#967be3" size="3">Tiwanaku- Aymara Family Tree</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Georgia">Basically, there are three schools of thought explaining the geographical origin of the Aymara language, (a)It began on the Titicaca plateau (altiplano Aymara localist theory), (b) or in the central Andes of Peru current, (c) or in northern Chile today. The localist version is related to the state of Tiwanaku arguing that the Aymara languages coexisted with Pukina which was spoken by the ruling class.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Georgia"></font> </p> <p align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5MOlTxEyJVuxP_n3nQLb5MvwI97EK2-ihfI5S1Hnv4_aGxejDQUkxKl0Kr4cOJtXEjvgHpYThDYfr0Duf-YA-SO0MhqqdpMyopC9VQjxAoitHtHJSHfhzc3CarXX66qMriyA-X5Rjhajm/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520%252520alan%252520Kolata%25255B3%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku alan Kolata" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku alan Kolata" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-PBm4JTbD48I/UMVWMzIDqJI/AAAAAAAAD0M/_EcsTW9Tp2w/Tiwanaku%252520%252520alan%252520Kolata_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" width="254" height="326"></a></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font color="#b64fbb">Alan Kolata</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Georgia"><font color="#d3a938">The leading exponent of this theory is the American archaeologist Alan Kolata. Whatever the language of Tiwanaku was, an account of the discussion of the linguistic, ethnic and historical Tiwanaku begins with Cieza de Leon, the first European to document his observations of this region, in the sixteenth century.</font></font></p> <p align="center"><font color="#d3a938"></font><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvruejWXRBk-EZhcDXdUmqIWRtCz7G1g_hdrv2TzxBZCtkEq5igLZ2pWAyISa9gt_jVjyV0T25Mw39wXqlBbudbBn8zGhxAjFs64WSsIdlQSDtmAZ27f7bBQUBYF3g5CUPOGUem14pbDFz/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Cieza%252520de%252520Leon%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><font size="3" face="Georgia"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; border-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Cieza de Leon" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Cieza de Leon" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyq3Dt2r8-kNApk7bqcQx0HRGJn6P2JYECqoBQSCkUQG2krrnmfRi5DdixQ8GWqbnk-EtOYZGZSH2ID-S33CVGflkhU5OGDJEEHcwYWBo0UIw4PYlTlIj_iZZzhq390tkiHghnBFakikzJ/?imgmax=800" width="266" height="375"></font></a><font size="3"><font color="#d3a938" face="Georgia"> Cieza de Leon</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Georgia"> The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador and self-acclaimed "first chronicler of the Indies" Pedro Cieza de León. Leon stumbled upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital Qullasuyu. Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku's modern name is related to the Aymara term taypiqala, meaning "stone in the center", alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world. However, the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants has been lost; many believe the people of Tiwanaku had no written language. Cieza de Leon collected Aymara tribal stories of that time from these people that Tiwanaku (Spanish: Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) had always been a sacred place in the Inca state. The first Spanish chroniclers were amazed by the size and antiquity of the structures at Tiwanaku, and for the next few centuries, a number of notable observers traveled to visit what became known as the "American Stonehenge" or the "Baalbek of the New World." The bleak and seemingly inhospitable altiplano landscape led some to view Tiwanaku as an empty ceremonial center, a pilgrimage site with no permanent population. </font><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Georgia">Of all the ruins in Central and South America, Tiwanaku has especially been a magnet for strange theories. In the early twentieth century, Austrian astronomer H.S. Bellamy insisted that the metropolis was a result of one of Earth's former moons crashing furiously into the ground. It was considered absurd to think that a civilization could actually flourish as high as 13,000 feet above sea level.</font> </p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixjOlvBeSob6CKPzS_X4awV_DZmY3W1LZPLk8z1Kt4cIilqI19FBCE1tfB15x_Wz8geoa8EA6aT5iKa5D3TUIZ_0N23HmLr98V1YajbQKEnBkZe32Y7LJNd6fDPk5tcVATdeg5kog-7Ixo/s1600-h/Tiwanaku%252520Arthur-Posnansky-collage%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img style="background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: inline; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px" title="Tiwanaku Arthur-Posnansky-collage" border="0" alt="Tiwanaku Arthur-Posnansky-collage" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZcQlaNMC5T92hshZQFpFx3uCNkW9bbbEJ6YHXN0ia5CSuKWeHkYEw_7Wceb3VT0M-UU_NhN7IyxbNh5UDEBj8Y0YI9heen8VuB3rXvQU8fIi3QPJ7_rVfifcnNU0o-nPHyqDkY7xmsovt/?imgmax=800" width="572" height="448"></a></p> <p align="center"><font color="#b64fbb" size="2"> Arthur Posnansky</font></p> <p align="justify"><br><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Georgia">Arthur Posnansky to whom we owe much of the fame of Tiwanaku, dramatically, launched a theory that Tiwanaku was the cradle of all cultures of pre-Columbian America. Nevertheless, did not believe that the builders of Tiwanaku were descendants of the Aymara, which may have been politically pleasing to the politicians of Bolivia at that time, but was incorrect. Arthur Posnansky is one of the more important figures in Tiwanaku studies, producing one of the most detailed studies of the ruins after decades of investigations. Unfortunately, his theories of hyper-diffusion, exaggerated age for the site (10,000 B.C.), and radical ideas of race tainted an otherwise incredible career.<br>In the late 1960s, the writer Erich von Daniken concluded from his "research" that aliens set up a base at Tiwanaku and erected the great monuments using their extraterrestrial technology, which is possible. He used as evidence a bizarre biblical interpretation that the prophet Ezekiel had been abducted by these same cosmic beings. Erich von Danken’s theories have not always made a whole lot of sense. Sometimes he is wrong while at other times there is a chance he could be right. </font><font color="#d3a938" size="3" face="Georgia">Fortunately, scientific investigations over the course of this century have corrected many of these misconceptions and left us with a deeper understanding of the complexity of Tiwanaku and the cultural history of the Titicaca Basin.</font> <br></p> <p align="center"><font size="3"> </p><font face="Georgia"></font></font><font size="2"><font face="Georgia"></font></font> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="center"><font color="#967be3" size="2"></font></p> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02936137584792569604noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3389457709039317080.post-81306971888498666142012-12-07T14:59:00.001-08:002012-12-15T15:30:56.340-08:00The Mystery of Tiwanaku Introduction/ Prologue:<span style="color: #ff8040; font-family: Georgia;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #ff8040; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;">This story is a sequel to an earlier blog I wrote called “First Civilization” so that story is the background for this story. This is an in depth look at the civilization of Tiwanaku and its possible relationship with the Ancient Astronauts.</span><span style="color: #ff8040; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><br /> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8040; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"> Anthony Laudun</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-nkU6dfIkUVE/UMJ04Dqr_4I/AAAAAAAADyA/PnAwljUj8rc/s1600-h/spaship%2525204%25255B4%25255D.jpg"><img alt="spaship 4" border="0" height="347" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ky8GgUDO3Uk/UMJ05K0gaQI/AAAAAAAADyI/t8wEupUcS4Q/spaship%2525204_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="spaship 4" width="573" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #a56bd3; font-size: x-small;">Ancient Astronaut Spaceship</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8040; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;">On Mars about 3.3 billion years ago, there was a decline of volcanism and water was still plentiful. Then it also looked more like a green and blue habitable planet that was ruddy reddish in places. Therefore, the Ancient Astronauts left their home planet and migrated to Mars, which at that time was located just inside the outer part of the habitable zone of the solar system. The Ancient Astronauts then established outposts on the planet Earth that was located just in the inner side of the solar systems habitable zone. Earth was not deemed ready for colonization at this time, as the atmosphere and animal life were not suitable.</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-PYn6593vOyo/UMJ052jS8SI/AAAAAAAADyQ/QM_F72g59SQ/s1600-h/remote-outpost%252520earth%2525202%25255B5%25255D.jpg"><img alt="remote-outpost earth 2" border="0" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl4M8CCTih4JKPK1-Vo-0GzYxck8sbfeyYYP-iAfWr2FNsiwxEXVaCp5HSD3Rn5PqXQ2zgpUQDF152aMGKSupOliy8Cib5UBIwp9D-OU8hjCoGteCwIsL1ktzUHFN93gp7KJbVJwZpAVq9/?imgmax=800" style="background-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: inline; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" title="remote-outpost earth 2" width="570" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #a56bd3; font-size: x-small;">Ancient Astronaut Outpost on Earth 2.5 Billion years ago.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8040; font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;">How long before the Ancient Astronauts on Mars saw things begin to take a change for the worse is not known. However, it could have be around 3-4 million years ago. They did not see it coming until the first signs began to appear. Then they began to look for a suitable place to migrate to and Earth became the most likely choice. They saw that it was now suitable for colonization. Once colonies were established on Earth, many of the clones they had created escaped into many remote areas of the planet and learned to reproduce on their own. Their makers soon realized they had a situation on their hands and that they being responsible parents would have to teach their creations how to live and survive there. Something they were still learning themselves. However, they had the technology and their creations did not.</span></div>
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